Izyaslav class Destroyer (1915)

The Izyaslav class were ordered under the “enhanced” shipbuilding program for 1913-1917, comprising thirty-six 35-knot destroyers for the Baltic Fleet. They became the most heavily armed and largest destroyers in the Russian Navy and were turned into flotilla leaders, although this was never official in Russian naval doctrine. They were essentially an incremental evolution of the previous Orfey class destroyer, and considered the best armed, and last of this lineage. Five were laid down in 1913. Two were never completed, scrapped incomplete in 1923. One was captured by the British and became Estonian, and later Peruvian. Two fought in WW1, the civil war and WW2, renamed Karl Marx and Kalinin, but sunk in August 1941 as part of the Baltic fleet. #russkiyfot #russiannavy #sovietnavy #ww1 #balticseafleet #sovietdestroyer #karlmarx #kalinin

Karl Marx (1922)

Development

From 1910, the “Novik class” started after the Russo-Japanese war, causing major reforms in the Navy and generating a new generation of large fleet destroyers. The Novik was for its type a grounbreaking design, much larger, faster and more powerful than its comporaries, a long range that could be assimilated to a flotilla leader, but could also underwent minelaying missions. Novik was noted by all admiralties with great interest. About fifty destroyers followed in construction up to 1916 in several sub-classes, most surviving the revolution, civil war, to be still active in 1941. These follow-up improving on the basic recipe were the Derzki or Bespokoiny class with nine built for the black sea fleet, the Orfey class, improved for their armament as modified versions of Derzky-class, slightly larger and with triple torpedo tubes, an extra 102 mm (4 in) gun. Next came the last iteration, the Izyaslav-class, alongside the Lt. Ilin and Gavril classes.

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See WW1 Russian Destroyers.

Unlike the other turbine-powered destroyers following the Novik, the Izyaslav-class had vertical hull sides, extended forecastle, and anti-roll tanks as their design was developed by the French company Augustin Normand. This project was based on competitive proposals, for a 35-knot destroyer, from Lange & Son. Its proposal had a standard displacement of 1,325 tons, and Curtis-Vulcan turbines for 30,000 hp with Vulcan boilers. To meet the same technical specifications, the French increased the displacement by 25 tons, length by 2.3 meters and installed brand new, more efficient efficient Brown-Boveri-Parsons turbines plus of course their own Normand boilers, the latest, having an increased steam output. To improve survivability their auxiliary machinery was duplicated. Once the design had been approved, on January 10, 1913, the Navy Department signed a contract with Becker & Co. for their construction, five destroyers. They also ordered the steam turbines and auxiliary machinery from abroad, for two ships.

Pryamyslav was the first laid down, even before final drawings and specifications were approved. Some dimensions were increased that ended in slightly different performances. The ships were built by the Libau Ironworks and Steelworks, Reval. By February 13, 1915, the Naval General Staff started to assess the Izyaslav-class and reported to the Tsar they were the most successful of their class for the the Baltic fleet. They requested that the Naval Department ordered three more ships from Becker & Co. However, the shipyard was then unable to comply, lackin,g the capacity, and the contract was postponed. They entered late in service, and missed virtually the First World War, seeing few patrols and convoy duties before the revolution, and two went through the civil war and survived from the Interwar to WW2.

Design of the Izyaslav (1915)

The Izyaslav class was developed by Lang and Sons, with the help of Augustin Normand. They were made longer and needed to the installation of a fifth boiler, but obtained a strengthened armament with five 102mm guns and three triple TTs, which seems the best compromise of firepower of any of these WWI Russian destroyers derived from the Novik. They had vertical side frames and the lenght benefited seaworthiness with a lengthened forecastle and anti-rolling tanks. Inside the hull, they had more efficient and reliable turbines under British licence or bought abroad and the boilers had an increased steam output. Auxiliary systems were almost double to ensure survivability. However, for a class of five, only two, Karl Marx and Kalinin, were still active in 1941.

Hull Design

These destroyers displaced 1,390 long tons (1,410 t), or to be precised, it wa the normal displacement, compared to 1,570–1,590 long tons (1,600–1,620 t) fully loaded, for an overall length of 107 m (351 ft 1 in), a beam of 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) and a draught of 4.1 m (13 ft 5 in). This made them the largest of the series derived from Novik in 1911, knowing that the previous Orfey class displaced 1,260 t (1,240 long tons) for 98 m (321 ft 6 in) in lenght overall. These were slighty beamier as well, making for a better hull ratio. Still, the design was very much the same as previous classes, as they were supposed to be improved version of the Orfey class. Their crew amounted to 150.

The hull was made the same, with main transverse bulkheads and 12 watertight sections each with their own pumping systems, plus individually compartmentalized boilers for survavibility. Their keel was made of doubled 6mm steel sheets set at angles to each other, creating a thin “double hull”. The “conning tower” also doubled as bridge was protected by 0.5-inch ordnance steel plating to protect the helmsman and officers present against splinter and small arms fire. The topside radio room comprised a 2 kW transmitter and two receivers. The were also two 45-cm searchlights fed by a separate 10kW Penta kerosene dynamo protected centrally. Other systems were powered by two 20 kW turbo generators.

The hull of the Izyaslav class was riveted, like the Novik ad Derzki, Orfey class. The architecture and structural design remained the same for all Russian turbine-powered destroyers, with in her case even more graceful hull lines thanks to the extra lenght. This was to add aextra armament, but also helped to further refine the hull waterlines. Izyaslav and her sisters had the most changes in their armament: Instead of five twin torpedo tubes and three guns, they had up to five single 4-in (102 mm) guns, three triple 17.7 in (450 mm) torpedo tubes, one 2.5-in (64 mm) AA gun and one 3-in (76 mm) Lender AA gun, plus rails for 80 mines, making them among the most powerfully armed destroyers in the world on paper, if not the most when completed in 1917.

Only one destroyer of this class had actual characteristics differing from the others: Pryamyslav. She displaced 1,350 tons for a length of 105.0 meters, beam of 8.99 meters, and draft of 3 meters.

Powerplant

The Izyaslavs were not much wider than the previous Orfey but longer, and that benefited the internal space, notably in the machinery. They accomodated two Brown-Boveri Parsons steam turbines, each driving a triple bladed bronze fixed pitch propeller. Steam came from five Normand-Vulcan boilers. These turbines produced a total of 32,700 shaft horsepower (24,400 kW), for a designed speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). But they proved unsatisfactory on trials, only reaching between 31.7 and 31.8 knots (58.7–58.9 km/h; 36.5–36.6 mph) from 34,975 up to 35,700 shp (26,081–26,621 kW) output.

For memory, the Orfey class with their Curtis-AEG-Vulkan steam turbines coupled with four Normand boilers managed 32,000 metric horsepower (24,000 kW) and also only managed 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph) for 35 knots planned. But the Izyaslav carried enough fuel oil (350t) for an Endurance started of 1,568 nm at 16 kts or in other publications an estimated range of 1,880 nautical miles (3,480 km; 2,160 mi) at 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph).

Armament

The Izyaslav-class originally had two main guns. However, based on combat early experience in World War I, it was decided to add a third one, by reducing the number of torpedo tubes. By June 7, 1916, however the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding ordered a fourth main gun, located on the forecastle. All ships were equipped with a modern firing control suite, with a three-meter rangefinder, targeting sights, and mechanical ballistic computer. However during completion, they ended armed with a fifth gun, “shoehorn” aft.

This made for five 102-millimeter/60 (4-in) Pattern 1911 Obukhov guns, two in line at the forecastle and three at the stern (separated by the quartedeck strcuture), completed by one 75 mm Lender gun. Their real strenght rested on a powerful torpeod battery, less impressicve than the Orfey clas though from twelve to nine 450-millimeter (17.7 in) torpedo tubes in three triple mounts. The Naval General Staff was indeed proposed triple mounts as they became available in 1914. Later issues wuth main guns led to the removal or relocation of one. The ships surviving the civil war like Karl Marx were rebuilt but kept their original guns, albeit reduced to two triple mounts.

The forecastle guns for example looked dangerously close together, and amazingly they were. They were not placed in echelon to avoid too much interference as it would have been advisable, all were on the centerline. This made operation of the stern guns as well truly problematic, albeit originally one gun, X, was separated from the other Y,Z by the quarterdeck house.

102 mm L/60 Guns

The main guns consisted in three, not four (on Novik) 102 mm (4 inches) L/60 Obukhov cannons. These 4″/60 (10.2 cm) Pattern 1911 coincided with the Novik class. They were placed in the axis, one forward and the remaining three aft, alternating with the torpedo tubes banks. They had a high-mounted pivots for good elevation, but no gun shield. Each ship stowed 150 rounds per gun.

Performances of these were as follows:
-Shell Obukhovsky 38.58 lbs. (17.5 kg) HE mod 1911
-Unitary cartridge 30 kg including the 17.5 kg shell
-Brass cartridge case containing a 7.5 kg charge
-Elevation Rate 3 degrees per second
-Train 360 degrees at 3 degrees per second
-Gun recoil 28 inches (71 cm)
-Muzzle velocity 823 m/s.
-Range at 30 degrees 16,800 yards (15,360 m).
-Rate of fire 12 rounds per minute.
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These were rapid-fire guns, provided with 160 unitary artillery rounds per barrel (HE) for a grand total of 640 shells aboard. In 1941 this was increased to 810 rounds. Cartridges were stored in two artillery cellars. There was a feed system upwards using two elevators driven by electric motors (with manual backup), which was quite modern for a destroyer at the time.
Many more shells were made available on the long run as these guns were widepsread and still used in WW2: HE mod 1915 and mod 1911, FRAG mod 1915, HE mod 1907, Shrapnel, Star Shell, Diving shell (for ASW use), Incendiary shell.

In addition they had two and up to four 7.62-mm Maxim liquid-cooled machine guns installed on pedestals on the bow bridge, and upper deck aft, near the galley. Total boxed ammunition and belts totalled 810 rounds per Machine Gun.

For night fighting, these ships were equipped with a combat 60 cm Sperry searchlight, to illuminate targets. For fire control there was a single manual Barr and Strood 9-foot (base 2,745 mm) coincidence rangefinder installed on the bridge providing data. They were no longer coordinated by a single Geisler-type fire control system but now by a 2.7-meter (9 ft) Barr and Stroud rangefinder in top if the bridge (and two 60-centimeter (24 in) searchlights). They communicated data on four sets of data display of the guns with bells and howlers to signal a shot or a volley.

Torpedoes

The class was initially designed with three triple torpedo tubes on the centerline. One bank was located right behind the forecastle cut, between the first and second funnels, and the other two were located amidship aft, past the last funnel and close to “X” aft main gun. These were 1908 and 1912 models (45-08 and 45-12). In 1915, the 45-15 torpedo was developed, and in 1938, the 45-36N torpedo was accepted into service.

-The 45-12 torpedo, 5.58 m x 0.45 m or 18 inches diameter, weighing 810 kg, and carrying a 100 kg warhead of TNT. Range was 5 km at 30 knots. First Russian torpedo with a “wet heating” system. Designed by the Fiume plant, it was produced at Obukhov and Lessner plant.

These new triple-tube 450 mm torpedo tubes Model 12 were already above average destroyer armament in 1909, less so in 1915. On the previous design, the admiralty already wanted triple tubes, but they were dropped due to stability issues. No spare torpedoes were provided. These were Whitehead models propelled using compressed air. The tube from Putilov lacked rigidly however and needed fastening, with the impossibility of target tracking, lacking the appropriate clutch in the gear train and with a slow mechanical rotation, plus an issue in the charger shutter, never fixed.

M1912 Mines

The Izyaslav class were designed as “active minesweepers”, able to perform a rapid minelaying directly into the path of an underway enemy battle formation, even under fire. Their speed was still their best asset, but dropping mines at 30 knots was especially risky if the stern wake was not well managed. The risk of a premature detonation especially with contact mines was real due to turbulences. The mines werre stacked on two long rail tracks on either side of deck aft, starting at the forecastle. This made up for small 80 mines or 50 larger, dropped on sloped lips at 20° which protruded overboard by 1.5 m. However even this configuation only allowed minelaying at below 24 knots.

For ASW warfare, they were given in WW1 ten 10 depth charges of the types 4V-B or 4V-M on two five-charge racks at the stern. They were replaced in the interwar by more advanced BB-1 and BM-1, respectively 8 and 20, stored between racks, manually dropped overboard or using carts tailored to support 4 large or 5 small depth charges.

⚙ Izyaslav class specifications
Displacement	1,350t standard, 1,570t full load
Dimensions	107 x 9.5 x 4.1 m ()
Propulsion	2 shafts steam turbines (variable), 5 Normand boilers, 32,700 shp (25 MW)
Speed	31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph)
Range	1,600 nmi () at 21 knots
Armament	5x 102 mm, 3×3 533mm TTs, 76mm AA, 80 mines.
Crew	150

76 mm/28 Lender Gun

The Lender guns had a muzzle velocity of 588 m/s (1,930 ft/s) for a range of 6,100 m (6,700 yd) at 65°. They fire a much more beefier 6.5-kilogram (14 lb) shell designed to explose at a preset altitude. Its practical rate of fire howver was down to 10–12 rounds per minute. Originally it was derived from a 76 mm divisional gun M1902 to fire in balloons. Called the “lender” it was converted as a high angle gun by FF Lender and prodyced at the Putilov plant from 1914 to 1934. The mount weighted 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). They ended on all interwar Russian cruisers as well.

63 mm/38 OSZ pattern 1916

The Pattern 1916 gun fired a 4.04-kilogram (8.9 lb) shell at a velocity of 686 m/s (2,250 ft/s) and to a range of 6,804 metres (7,441 yd) for an elevation of 75°. It had the best shell velocity performances but was still limited for AA fire but doubled well as a rapid fire anti-ship gun. The mount weighted 2,866 lbs. (1,300 kg). They were designed by OSZ early in the war with a vertical sliding-breech, but by the fall of November 1916 only twenty had been built, twenty more were started. Overall it was unsuccessful, being semi-automatic with shells having a small lethal radius. The Lender gun was considered more effective.

Interwar and WW2 Modifications

In 1937, Karl Marx was rebuilt and modernized. She lost her 76mm/28 Lender gun and one triple 450mm TT bank, but gained four 45mm/43 21K AA guns, located on the roof platform of the quaterdeck aft, and had two DC racks (10) but the mine stowage was decreased to 60. The forward mast was turned into a tripod, the aft mast was reduced and also made into a tripod, the three aft main guns were relocated together at the poop, leaving N°1 and 2 TT bank on their previous location. Tbe bridge was rebuilt and modenrized as well as the radio sets and fire control systems. Between 1939 and 1941, she saw the addition of four 12.7mm/79 heavy machin guns. In 1941 her sister Kalinin had been modified the same bu received the four 12.7mm/79 DsHk right away at completion.

Livery and general appearance:

As Lennuk in 1924

The Izyaslav class in service

The Liepaja Iron and Steel Works Joint-Stock Company in Reval started assembling Avtroil on the slipway on October 27, 1913. She was launched on December 31, 1914, and started trials on May 18, 1917. On July 30, 1917, she joined the 13th Division of the Baltic Fleet, and from April 1917 she received a 5th 102-mm gun and a 75 mm replaced her 63-mm AA gun. By September-October 1917 she took part in the ‘Moonsoon Offensive’. In the battle of the same name she was hit thrice by German 88-mm shells. Damage was light however and she made it home. She saw no further activity and at the revolution, the crew defected on October 25, 1917.

In the winter of 1917–1918, she was based in Helsinki. On April 10–19, 1918 she entered the 5th echelon and took part in the Baltic Fleet’s “Ice Cruise” to Kronstadt. In November 1918, she joined the “active detachment of ships” and by November–December, provided cover for minelaying operations in the Kronstadt area as well as probing and reconnaissance missions off Estonia and Reval. On December 24, 1918, Avtroil joined the “Special Purpose Ship Detachment”. On December 26, with Spartak (F. F. Raskolnikov on board Baltic Fleet) departed for a reconnaissance on British ships anchored in Reval. The next day she spotted the floating lighthouse Revelstein near Mohni (Ekholm) when seeing the moke of incoming British cruisers (2) escorted by four destroyers.

Avtroil attempted to withdraw but was cut off by another group, a cruiser and two destroyers. The first shots were exchanged, and seeing the situation was hopeless, the commander ordered to surrender without firing. The British boarded her and condicted her to Reval. Seven officers and 138 sailors were made prisoners. On January 2, 1919 under british control, she was transferred to Estonia, which brand new country needed a fleet. She was recommissioned as “Lennuk”. It seems part of the crew was executed, but the commander, V. A. Nikolaev, torpedo officer, chief engineer, and other crew members accepted to join the Estonian Navy. With RN ships, Lennuk actively operated against pillboxes and Red Army troops on shore or close to shore. After the end of the Russian Civil War and signing of the Treaty of Tartu, she remained in port with a reduced crew, until transferred to reserve in 1933. On June 30, 1933, Lennuk was sold to Peru and became “Almirante Guise”. She departed on September 1933 and arrived in July 1934 to Peru. In World War II, she patrolled the coast, and by November 1947, she was disarmed. By May 1949, she was sold for scrap.

Izyaslav was started on the slipway in Reval by September 6, 1913, with the official keel-laying ceremony taking place on October 27, 1913. She was launched on October 9, 1914, and started trials on August 17, 1916. In December, she joined the 13th Division, Baltic Fleet’s Mine Division. On June 16, 1917, she joined the Baltic Fleet as flagship of the 13th Destroyer Division. In April 1917, she received her fifth 102-mm gun. In August of that year she had a 76-mm Lender replacing the 63-mm gun. She took part in the Moonsund campaign in September–October 1917. During the battle, she grounded, benfing her starboard propeller shaft and knocking out her starboard turbine. She was back but never repaired. On October 25, 1917, her crew joined the Bolsheviks. She was based in Helsinki during the winter.

By 10-18 April she took part in the Baltic Fleet’s “Ice Cruise” from Helsinki to Kronstadt, with the transport Lyusi. She was transferred to Petrograd, moored at the Obukhov Shipyard. From October 1918 to December 1919, she remained in reserve. On April 21, 1921, Izyaslav was recommissioned into the Baltic fleet (from January 11, 1935 “Red Banner Baltic Fleet”), in the 2nd Destroyer Division. By the spring and summer 1921, she wa sin refit. By December 31, 1922, she was renamed Karl Marx. From November 1, 1925 to December 17, 1927, she had a major overhaul with new tripod masts installed, and a 37mm Maxim machine gun. From August 4 to August 15, 1930, she made a training cruise to Norway. On August 8-11, she visited Oslo.

From 1934 to 1937, Karl Marx had a major overhaul and modernization, gaining an enclosed bridge, new radio equipment, armaments changes and tripod masts swapped to poles. She had four 45mm 21-K AA guns and two 12.7mm DShK installed, and in the second phase in 1935–1936, she tested the 50mm Kurchevsky recoiless cannon. After modernization, her full displacement increased to 1,800 tons. In maneuvers in Koporskaya Bay, on October 25, 1937, she ran aground due to her inexperienced commander. Both the propellers were damaged and her hull scrapped. Commander V. F. Oksman in the new purge context, was removed from his post and arrested on charges of sabotage, sentenced to death on February 10, 1938. Refloated with the assistance of Kommuna she was fully repaired and was in service again in 1939.

Karl Marx took part in the Soviet-Finnish War of December 1939. She made two sorties, shelling Finnish coastal fortifications and minesweeping. The first was on December 6–7, 1939 in a light detachement led by Minsk, and accompanied by Volodarsky. She shelled a suspected Finnish coastal battery on Kilpisari Island. In her second sortie by December 15, 1939, with Gnevny, Engels, and two minesweepers, she shelled a Finnish coastal battery on Haapsaari Island and reported the destruction of the radio station. While back she was fired at by the battery on Kirkkomansaari Island. She had one hit, showering the deck with shrapnel. She was forved to disengage under a smokescreen. She later deployed her paravanes, stricking two mines. In all in this mission she had fired 58 shells. In the summer of 1940, she tested a 305mm (12 in) recoilless rifle. In 1941 she was part of the 3rd Destroyer Division in Tallinn.

In June-August, Karl Marx laied mines, escorted ships, taking part in the defense of Tallinn. On July 1, 1941, while sailing to Kronstadt, she located and depth-charged a U-Boote near Gogland Island. One botch setup caused an explosion on her stern. Karl Marx had to be towed to Kronstadt, completely repaired in July. She returned to Tallinn in early August. The 8th, she entered Khara Bay near the Juminda Peninsula and moored in Loksa to support units of the Red Army. However at 13:55 her spotters saw four German Ju-88 bombers from Kampfgruppe 806 approaching. Her engines already hot, she managed to move away from the pier but took two direct hits (SC-250 high-explosive bombs) and anoyher blew up a nearby ASW ship loaded with depth charges and fuel. The explosion devastated Karl Marx, and her captain was forced to ran her aground in shallow water. 38 were killed, 47 injured in the attack. Surviving sailors were helped by local residents. On the 9th, Karl Marx was blown up by its crew. On August 12 the scuttling was complete by another group. She was stricken on August 31, 1941. In 1962-1963 she was cut into pieces and scrapped to free the place as a navigation hazard.

On January 10, 1913, the Navy signed a contract with the Becker & Co. for Pryamislaw, laid down before final approval and drawings, enlisted on October 11, laid down either by November 9, or September 19, or October 27 at Becker & Co. Plants in Reval. On July 10 1915, she was launched, then towed to Petrograd for fitting out at the Baltic Shipyard. This was suspended by the Revolution and she layed there unfinished. On February 5, 1925, she was renamed “Kalinin” and completion resumed, along with a refit and modernization. She was commissioned on July 20, 1927, with the Baltic Sea Fleet. August 19-21, 1929 saw her in Klaipeda, Lithuania. By September 1-10, 1934, she visited Gdynia in Poland. On January 11, 1935, she entered the Red Banner Baltic Fleet but underwent major refits from June 1937, to June 1941. This summer, she took part in minelaying operations, the defense of Tallinn and the Gulf of Finland. Kalinin was part of a special minelaying detachment under command of Rear Admiral Yuri Fedorovich Rall.

On August 28, 1941, while underway from Tallinn, she struck a mine near Mohni Island, Gulf of Finland. In the rearguard, Kalinin, flew the flag of commander Rall and a 10:10 PM or 10:45 PM she was sweeping mine with her paravanes when one exploded alongside. She sustained extensive damage to the hull but remained afloat, notably thanks to efforts of her well drilled crew under 1st mate, P.D. Russin. She was drived close to shore. In an hour, boats were out, and the crew, uncluding Rall and the wounded ship’s commander P. B. Stasov abandoned ship. In 2018, her wreck was discovered on the seabed by a reconnaissance and diving team during the “Bow to the Ships of the Great Victory” expedition.

Bryachislav was ordered in 1913, laid down the same year, launched in 1915 but never completed. Her hull was launched anyway to clear the slipway and sunk in the port. Postwar (1923) she was located laying in Petrograd and raised but never repaired. A year later she was stricken officially from the Navy and scrapped.

«Фёдор Стратилат» was laid down in 1914, launched on 1917 but never completed. Her unfinished hull was launched to clear the slipway. In 1924 the hull broken up just as she was stricken from the Navy.

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Books

Verstyuk, A. N., Gordeyev, S. Yu. Ships of the Mine Divisions. From Novik to Gogland. Moscow: Voennaya kniga, 2006.
Izyaslav Class. The Russian Imperial Navy in World War I. Accessed September 7, 2009.
Novik-Class Destroyers. Naval Collection. 2009. Archived
Stepanov, Yu. G., Tsvetkov, I. F., “Index of Ships (Novik-Class Destroyers).”
Apalkov, Yu. The Baltic Fleet: Destroyers and Torpedo Boats // The Russian Imperial Fleet 1914-1917: Marine Collection Magazine. 1998
Verstyuk, A. N., Gordeev, S. Yu. Ships of the Mine Divisions. From Novik to Gogland. Moscow: Voennaya Kniga, 2006,
Chernyshov, A.A. “The Noviks.” The Best Destroyers of the Russian Imperial Fleet. Moscow: Collection, Yauza, EKSMO, 2007.
Breyer, Siegfried (1992). Soviet Warship Development: Volume 1: 1917–1937. London: Conway Maritime Press.
Budzbon, Przemysław (1985). “Russia”. In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1906–1921. NIP
Budzbon, Przemysław (1980). “Soviet Union”. In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1922–1946.
Budzbon, Przemysław; Radziemski, Jan & Twardowski, Marek (2022). Warships of the Soviet Fleets 1939–1945. Vol. I NIP
Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations. Seaforth Publishing.
Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. NIP
Hill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Osprey Publishing.
Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two NIP
Watts, Anthony J. (1990). The Imperial Russian Navy. London: Arms and Armour.

Links

navypedia.org (archive)
kchf.ru
ru.wikipedia.org/
Izyaslav-class_destroyer
navypedia.org/
navycollection.narod.ru
infoart.udm.ru

3D: World of Warships