Germany (1912)

Helgoland, Ostfriesland, Thüringen, Oldenburg
The Helgoland class Battleships were very similar to the previous Nassau, first generation of Imperial German dreadnoughts. But they were a bite more: They were a breakthrough in German battleships design, the main artillery was scaled up to 12 inches (305 mm). When these ships were completed in 1911-1912 Great Britain however just swapped to 14 inches (343 mm). Another difference with the Nassau, the four Helgoland had three grouped funnels and were much larger in size and displacement, with more output to compensate (and better speed), increased secondary armament and larger torpedo tubes. They formed the 1st squadron (Vice Admiral Von Lanz) with the Nassau class until better dreadnoughts replaced them. They took part in the Battle of Jutland but on June 1, 1916, Osfriesland struck a mine and managed to return to port safely. In November 1918, they did not followed the Hochseeflotte to Scapa Flow, and were allowed to remain in France waiting their fate, and ended broke up up in 1921-24 apart Ostfriesland famously sunk by Billy Mitchell to demonstrate air power.

Helgoland class: Much more than improved Nassau

The Triple Entente (UK France, Russia) signed in 1907 saw Germany growingly isolated on the Continent and Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz's own take on the problem was to ask for new and stronger capital ships. He wanted the Navy to do its share against the Royal Navy, denying a possible blockade while going after its own supply lines while the Army could concentrate on dealing with France ad Russia.
"The aim which I had to keep in view ... for technical and organizing reasons as well as reasons of political finance was to build as steadily as possible."
He proposed a Second Amendment to the Naval Law, and with heavy support of Kaiser Whilhelm, it was passed on 27 March 1908. The previous class, the Nassau, had been largely experimental, and still suffered the comparison with a larger main artillery in numbers, but with a repartition denying concentration of fire and with 28 cm (11 in) instead of 30 cm (12 in) main guns.

The choice of artillery

For the second class of German dreadnoughts debate raged on the design. In May 1906, the Reichsmarineamt (RMA), the Imperial Navy Office had intel from britain about new battleships in construction equipped with 13.5-inch (34 cm) guns. Essentially they were the first "super dreadnoughts". As a result, the General Navy Department wanted urgently a step up to 30.5 cm (12 in). And yet this was amazingly resisted by Tirpitz which allegedly voices his fears about trigerring a an arms race with Britain. Tirpitz's hesitation however disappeared when he learned by early 1907 that the USN were entering this new race with their own 12-in armed dreadnoughts. Meanwhile, France, Italy, Asostro-Hungary also put in construction 12-in armed battleships.

The choice of arrangement

Artist depiction of Helgoland for Janes 1911 So by March 1907, Tirpitz formerly endorsed the Construction Department to start the design of a new battleship class with 30.5 cm guns, 320 mm (13 in) thick belt. The arrangement of the main battery remained a matter of debate, as it was internationally. HMS Dreadnought showed the way with three inline turrets and two wing turrets, offering a reasonably good arrangement with only ten guns, but also built in Britain, the two Minas Geraes-class battleships being built for Brazil which had two more, in échelon center and four superfiring, a more efficient arrangement. Superfiring turrets were initially favored by Tirpitz and the Helgoland class would have those, but the Construction Department at the time had the strong belief (proven false) that a single hit could disable both turrets with a single hit. They wanted the turrets being widely separated. As a result, there was no wonder why the older hexagonal arrangement of the Nassaus was retained. We can only guess how an Helgoland class, with two superfiring pairs fore and aft and an échelons pair in the center would have performed. The initial fears were later brushed aside with the next classes (seeing the bandwagon on nations adopting this configuration), with the last König class being the closest of that possible arrangement. Yet still, the all deck turrets was still a favorite by the time the Helgoland were ordered: The Italian Dante Aligheri, Russian Gangut, Spanish Jaime I, all had deck turrets. The swap for all really commenced in 1912. Once it was established the new caliber, and similar arrangement, it was now way easier for the design bureau to have the Nassau just up-scaled. But the new design offered new possibilities. More space meant a more powerful powerplant, more range, and adding extra secondary guns. The Naval Law was also twisted in order to authorize these new ships. Indeed the tradition accepted by the paerliament was that the new warhips were ordered at the planned retirement of older units. Thus, with the right supports, the text was modified, so as to reduce the lifespan for these capital ships from 25 years to 20 years. The Reichstag now was compelled to to allocate funds for these additional ships. The new battleships were presented as a replacement for the coastal defense ships of the Siegfried and Oldenburg classes, and the Brandenburg-class pre-dreadnoughts, now scheduled to be sold to the Ottoman Empire. The naming of older ships was retaken for some of the new units. Tirpitz which previously failed to obtain extra ships in the First Amendment to the Naval Law of 1906 saw these now approved, and this was assorted by a 1 billion marks for extra equipments. In the end, the Reichstag endorse the replacement ptogram: The four Sachsen-class (1878) ironclads were so replaced by four Nassaus, three Siegfried-class (Siegfried, Beowulf, Frithjof) and the remaining SMS Oldenburg replaced by the new Helgoland-class. The new named Helgoland, Ostfriesland, Thüringen, Oldenburg succeed in tme to the provisional "Ersatz Siegfried", "Ersatz Oldenburg", "Ersatz Beowulf", and "Ersatz Frithjof" as planned replacements.

Design of the class

3D rendition on turbosquid The Helgoland were not just upscaled Nassau. They were the largest battleships (or warships for that matter) ever built for the German Navy. They were longer at 167.2 m (548 ft 7 in) overall with a larger beam at 28.5 m (93 ft 6 in) - instead of 26.9 m (88 ft 3 in)- and when fully loaded, had a draft of 8.94 m (29 ft 4 in). In displacement they also rose to 22,808 tonnes (22,448 long tons) standard, 24,700 tonnes (24,310 long tons) fully loaded, a cruiser-size (4,000 tonnes) difference. The hull ratio was also better, making for higher top speed.

Hull and general design

The class was also considered better sea boats than the Nassau class, they were better balanced and avoid the severe rolling of their predecessors, and their hull shapes were revised as well as the ruddern and counter-keels to make them more responsive to the helm, with even a tighter turning radius, bleeding far less speed in hard turns and swells. Hard rudder they still loss 54%, heeling at 7°, but for the Nassaus this was 70% speed and 12° heel respectively. As for the general appareance, they looked sleek and low, presenting a smaller target. The three centered funnels was the results of internal rearrangements with heavy trunking to have the exhausts not encroaching on the turret's baskets and ammunitions storage. Superstructures were minimalistic: They were arrangeed around on the space left by the lozenge composition of the turrets. Right behind the forward one, was located a prismatic low structure supporting the forward conning tower, and a small bridge was located in front of it, supported by pillars. It barely cleared the roof of the turret. For a higher view, better to be in the forward observation post, armoured, and located on top of the foremast. The forward structures also hosted light 8,8 cm guns and had open bridge's wings going over the wings turret's barrels, unsupported. No doubt that was an awkward place when they fired. Next came a long walkway way above the deck, running above machinery access hatches, service boats, and the two service boom cranes. The platform circulated around the three funnels as well. The Helgolands carried six service boats of various sizes and types, between the harbour cutter to yawls. The rear structure mirrored the shape of the forward one, with the aft conning tower, observation platforms, and the main projectors installed on platforms at the foot of the mainmast aft (same forward, eight in all), which lacked an obervation post. There was a main signal post light on a single platform aft as well. Various wood plankings were used, pine for the deck, and a more precious red wood for the superstructures. The Helgolands had two main anchors forward, port and starboard plus a smaller one at the poop, which had above a recess for chase guns.

Armour protection layout

The Helgoland-class had Krupp cemented armor and repeated the same layout as for the Nassau-class but with slight increases in thickness for the main and secondary batteries, and a far better roof for the forward conning tower. Main armored belt: 30 cm (12 in) thick, defining the citadel between barbettes. 8 cm (3.1 in) at both ends. Torpedo bulkhead: 3 cm (1.2 in) thick behind the belt. Main armoured deck: 5.5 to 8 cm (2.2 and 3.1 in) thick depending on the location. Forward conning tower: sides 40 cm (16 in), roof 20 cm (7.9 in) thick. Aft conning tower: 20 cm (7.9 in) sides, 5 cm (2 in) roof Main battery turrets: 30 cm faces and sides, 10 cm (3.9 in) roofs Casemated secondary guns: 17 cm (6.7 in) enclosed space around, 8 cm gun shields. The hull was pre-ASW defence and only comprised 17 watertight compartments and a double bottom over 86% of her lenght to defeat possible below-the belt rounds. As customary for the time, the fear of torped boats, especially after 1905, saw her equipped with anti-torpedo nets, but they were removed after 1916, proving an hinderance in manoeuvers.

Powerplant

The Helgoland-class also returned to the same powerplant as before, with VTE (triple expansion steam engines), not steam turbines. This was a cost-based soltion as Parsons using its monopoly put a premium on these for Germany, asking for 1 million gold mark royalty fee for each one, meaning twelve million for the whole class. Trusted German-built triple-expansion engines were installed, driving three shaft. These four-cylinder engines were located in three separate engine rooms. Each shaft was driving a four-bladed screw propeller 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) in diameter. These three engines groups were fed by their own separate boilers, 15 of them located by in their ows spaced, two fireboxes apiece, so a great total of 30, way more than for the Nassaus. The resulting output was thus up to 27,617 ihp (20,594 kW), for a paper top speed of 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph) but on trials, they exceeded 35,014 ihp (26,110 kW) for 21.3 knots (39.4 km/h; 24.5 mph). As for range, they carried 3,200 tonnes (3,150 long tons) of coal, more than for the nassaus, and further improvements brought this total of an extra 197 tonnes (194 long tons) of oil in tanks near their boilers, in order to be sprayed on coal and boost the burn rate. At full fuel capacity any Helgoland class battleship could steam over 5,500 nautical miles (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), meaning crossing the Baltic weast to east and back or exiting the Jade, crossing the north sea to the north atlantic, or venturing to the Mediterranean. The electrical power consisted of eight turbo-generators rated for a total of 2,000 kW (225 V).

Armament

Main: 6x2 30cm Sk/50

The Helgoland-class kept their hexagonal configuration as the twelve 30.5 cm SK L/50 guns were in six twin turrets, one forward and aft, the rest in pairs amidships. These guns used the long-trunk Drh LC/1908 mounting, improved variant of the LC/1907 and LC/1906 mounts of the Nassau class, a bit larger to accomodate the 30.5 cm barrels. -Depression originally was −8°, elevation 13.5°, and later they were modified for −5.5° and 16° respectively -Fired a 405-kilogram (893 lb) shell at 855 m/s (2,810 ft/s) muzzle veloicity. -ROF 2-3 rounds per minute -At 13.5°, range was 18,700 m (20,500 yd), later at 16° elevation, 20,500 m (22,400 yd). -1,020 rounds total or 85 shells per gun provided.

Secondary: 14x 15 cm SK L/45

Original Skech, ctsy Peter Lienau via navweaps The fourteen 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns were all mounted in casemates along the upper deck. -45.3-kilogram (100 lb) shell at 840 m/s (2,800 ft/s) muzzle velocity. -ROF 5-7 rounds per minute. -Elevated 19°, traverse +150/-150 degrees, range 14,950 metres (16,350 yd). Given the height of the hull, they were often wet in heavy weather. The SK L/45 were the mass produced 6-in guns for the Kaiserliches Marines, they were still ubiquitous in WW2, notably on armed merchant cruisers.

Tertiary: 14× 8.8 cm SK L/45 guns

The fourteen 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns were also in casemates. Four were located in either of the bridge and aft bridge under shields, upper deck. The rest were located in part in the hull, four in casemates forward (removed in WWI and plated over) and two in the stern's recess as chase guns. -They fired a 10-kilogram (22 lb) shell at 650 m/s (2,100 ft/s), AA: 19.8 lbs. (9.0 kg) HE 21.5 lbs. (9.75 kg) pr HE 22.05 lbs. (10 kg) -Their travese was 25° on average, elevation on MPLC/01-06: -10/+25 degrees -Maximum range was 9,600 m (10,500 yd). -Rate of fire 15 rpm It is assumed 150 or more were carrier per gun. Modifications: After 1914, two 8.8 cm guns were removed, replaced by two 8.8 cm Flak guns. In 1916-1917, the remaining twelve 8.8 cm were removed. The new anti-aircraft guns fired a slightly lighter 9.6-kilogram (21 lb) shell at 770 m/s (2,500 ft/s), and at 45° could reach aircraft at 11,800 m (12,900 yd).

TT: 6× 50 cm G7

Anoter novelty compared to he Nassau class were the six 50 cm (19.7 in) G/6D submerged torpedo tubes, instead of 45 cm: One in the bow, one in the stern, two on each broadside, on either ends of the torpedo bulkhead, in a typical lozenge configuration. The better G/7 entered service in 1913. The G/6 was used before (1911). The G/6 measured 236 in (6 m) and carried a 353 lbs. (160 kg) TNT/Hexanitrodiphenylamin (Hexanite) mixture on the G/6 and 362 lbs. (164 kg) on the G/6D Speed was 2,410 yards (2,200 m)/35knots and 5,470 yards (5,000 m)/27 knots setups They were powered by a Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin) Wet-Heater, kerosen on the G/6 D. illustration helgoland Author's illustration of the Helgoland

⚙ specifications

Displacement22,808 t standard, 24,700 t FL
Dimensions167.20 x 28.50 x 8.94 (548 ft 7 in x 93 ft 6 in x 29 ft 4 in)
Propulsion3x shafts VTE, 15× water-tube boilers 28,000 PS (28,000 ihp)
Speed20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph)
Range5,500 nmi (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Armament12× 30.5 cm, 14× 15 cm, 14× 8.8 cm, 6× 50 cm TTs
ProtectionBelt 300 mm, Decks 63 mm, Barbettes 300 mm, Turrets 300 mm
Crew42 officers + 1071 enlisted men

Read More/Src

Books

Conway's all the world fighting ships 1906-1921, Campbell, N. J. M. & Sieche, Erwin (1986). "Germany". Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz 1906–1918; Bernard & Graefe Verlag. Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. NIP Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. NIP Hore, Peter (2006). Battleships of World War I. London: Southwater Books. Philbin, Tobias R. III (1982). Admiral Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. JB Publishing Company. Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. Oxford: Osprey Books. Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918. Vol. 1: Deutschland, Nassau and Helgoland Classes. Osprey Books. Tarrant, V. E. (2001) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective. Cassell Military Paperbacks. Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars. Seaforth Publishing. Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1999). Von der Nassau – zur König-Klasse. Bernard & Graefe Verlag.

Links

on en.wikipedia.org navweaps.com/ 88mm-45_skc13.php navweaps.com 15cm 45_skc16 navweaps.com 12in/50 skc12 deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/ more photos on commons.wikimedia.org/

Videos

https://youtu.be/2ZHyAFYXhPI See also

Model Kits

The Helgoland class had been covered by Armo 1:700, Combrig 1:700, and that's about it. Not a popular one. on scalemates.com/

3D

On https://cults3d.com/en/3d-model/game/sms-helgoland-1-2000-1-2400, low resolution of 1/2000 wargaming
Note: First Published Oct 23, 2018

The Helgoland in action

Kaiserliche Marine Helgoland

SMS Helgoland was ordered as Ersatz Siegfried, laid down at Howaldtswerke in Kiel as #500 on 24 December 1908, launched 25 September 1909, fitted-out by August 1911 and commissioned on 23 August 1911 after three years. She replaced the pre-dreadnought SMS Hannover in I Battle Squadron and by 9 February 1912 her crew managed to beat the rcord of fastest coal loading, 1,100 tons in two hours, previouly own by Posen. In March she was in fleet training maneuvers, North Sea and later sailed ti the Skagerrak and Kattegat in November. 1913 followed the same but she cruised to Norway in summer. On 10 July 1914, Helgoland left the Jade for her annual summer training cruise to Norway, joined by a fleet of U-Boats assembled at Skagen on the 12th to simulate TB attacks. She was in the Fjord of Songe on 18 July, guided by night by a pilot, and there joined SMS Friedrich der Grosse, Magdeburg, and the yacht Hohenzollern, in Balholm. Later she was joined by sister Oldenburg, and they cruise back home on 22 July. On 1 August, however announcement were done on preparing confrontation with the Russian Navy. Still part of the I Division, I Battle Squadron, SMS Helgoland was stationed near Wangerooge on 9 August. Minefields, picket ships and U-Boats were placed off Wilhelmshaven. Helgoland her had powerplant active at all times and on 13 August she recoaled at Wilhelmshaven, her crew being completed by naval reservists. Her first action was the Battle of Helgoland Bight, on 28 August 1914. She was still off Wangerooge but was not called to help the cruisers, staying as backup, anchor dropped and weiting for her sister Thüringen. Order came at 04:30, to join Ostfriesland and joined the embattered cruisers Frauenlob and Stetti but they withdrawn at 07:30 for the night. On 31 August, she entered the drydock. On 7 September, she cruised off her namesake island, Helgoland. Next she "took part" in the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 15–16 December 1914. The I Scouting Group was to be supported, distant, by Hipper's battlecruisers while the battleships of Friedrich von Ingenohl, was stationed in the middle of the North Sea, just 130 miles east of Scarborough for an ambush. But the RN had the German code books captured and sent Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, the 2nd Battle Squadron (6 battleships), and cruisers/destroyers to catch Hippe's battlecruisers. The battle developed but Admiral Ingenohl could not risk his fleet without order and was ordered to the southeast. Eventually her returned to the safety of German fortified bases. On 17 January, Helgoland was in maintenance, and on 10 February joined the I Squadron off Wilhelmshaven, to Cuxhaven in heavy fog, proceeing through the Kiel Canal and later proceeding to gunnery training, torpedo firing practice in March, night-fighting training and on the 10th went back to Wilhelmshaven. Helgoland in drydock, Kaiserliche Werft, Kiel. The Helgoland and Nassau classes were the assigned to the Gulf of Riga task force by August 1915, under command of Hipper, with the battlecruiser Von der Tann, Moltke, and Seydlitz, light cruisers, destroyers and minesweepers. They had to deal with minefields and the pre-dreadnought battleship Slava. Helgoland remained i distaht support well off the gulf during the operation. Only Nassau and Posen were detached on 16 August with the minesweepers and to engage Slava but failed to sink her. After Russian minefields were cleared, the flotillz went further until warned of British subs in the area, and the whole fleet withdrew. The most serious test for Helgoland and her sisters was of course the battle of Jutland. She was under command of KsZ von Kameke as part of the I Battle Squadron. She was in the center of the line of battle behind Rear Admiral Behncke's III Battle Squadron, with Rear Admiral Mauve's II Battle Squadron behind. Helgoland and sisters fired the first shots at 18:00 when sailing northward, finishing off the damaged destroyers HMS Nomad and Nestor. The latter by main and secondarirs from Helgoland, Thüringen. By 19:20, Helgoland spotted and fired on HMS Warspite, and other ships of the British 5th Battle Squadron chasing the battlecruisers. Vibility was poor and the fight was short. Helgoland only spent 20 shells and by 20:15, she received during a brief lull a 15-inch (38 cm) AP from Barham or Valiant forward, hitting her armored belt 0.8 m (32 in) above the waterline and broke up on impact, and still holing her on 1.4-meter (4 ft 7 in) with splinters hitting the port side 15 cm gun and flooding her with 80 tons of seawater. By 23:30, the formation was inverted, with the four Nassau-class forward, then Helgolands, Kaisers and Königs. At midnight on 1 June, Helgoland and Nassaus were now in the center and got contact with the British 4th Destroyer Flotilla. Helgoland and Oldenburg when spotting them a second time opened fire on leading British destroyers, Helgoland firing six secondary guns salvos at HMS Fortune and another unidentified destroyer. Torpedoes were launched but spotted, and dodged by turning to starboard. Back in home waters, Helgoland and Thüringen took up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead. Damage reports for Helgoland was a single 15-inch impact, no dead or wounded. She was still drydock until 16 June. In all she fired 63 main battery shells, 61 rounds secondaries. After Jutland, activity was decreased fo the German Navy. Unrestricted U-boat warfare resumed and all efforts were put in this new asset. Meanwhile the battlefleet made two abortive sorties in August and October 1916. By April 1917, Helgoland accidentally rammed the new battlecruiser Hindenburg when leaving berth, fitting-out. By October 1917 Helgoland and Oldenburg joined the cruisers Brummer and Bremse after a raid on a British convoy to Norway. On 27 November she was sent to the Baltic, kept in reserve during the occupation of the islands in the Gulf of Riga. By April 1918, she was in another failed sortie, cancelled because of engine issues with the battlecruiser Moltke. Helgoland and sisters was scheduled to attack the British Grand Fleet a last time under Großadmiral Scheer for bargaining better terms in the armistice. However the crews were contaminated by revolutionary ideas. War-weary sailors on 29 October 1918 mutinied when ordered to sail to Wilhelmshaven, many deserting during the night, notably on Thüringen. On 30th, Helgoland's crew seeing what happened on Thüringen, joined in the mutiny. Officers were allowed to leave unharmed but the ships were now in control of sailor's commitees. Two torpedo boats arrived and the crews surrendered, taken ashore and incarcerated. By 5 November in addition to insurrection in the city, the red flag was raised on camital ships in Wilhelmshaven, including Helgoland. A sailors' council took control of the base. The Treaty of Versailles, had the four Helgoland-class battleships not sent to Scapa Flow and by 21–22 November 1918, Helgoland steamed to Harwich to gather crews of surrendered U-boats and back home she was decommissioned on 16 December 1918, stricken on 5 November 1919, formally handed over to UK on 5 August 1920 and sold for scrap at Morecambe, BU from 3 March 1921. Her coat of arms is now at the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden.

Kaiserliche Marine Ostfriesland

Ostfriesland was ordered as Ersatz Oldenburg, laid down at Kaiserliche Werft in Wilhelmshaven as hull 31 on 19 October 1908, launched 30 September 1909 and completed/commissioned by by August 1911. After sea trials until 15 September with her first captain, Kapitän zur See (KzS) Walter Engelhardt she was assigned to I Battle Squadron and soon followed a routine of individual and fleet training exercises, notably maneuvers in November. She became the squadron flagship on 24 April 1912 and took place in the Norway cruise by July–August, until interrupted by the Agadir Crisis. She also trained in the Baltic and won the 1912/1913 Kaiserschiesspreis for her marksmanship, at the head of the Squadron. By 14 July 1914, the annual summer was interrupted by drills off Skagen and while back to Germany, the fleet learned about the events and upon arrival, were prepared for war. On 29 July she was in Wilhelmshaven. She took part in the Battle of Helgoland Bight on 28 August, while stationed off Wangerooge island. Sje joined Ostfriesland and at 05:00, the two battleships met the retreating Frauenlob and Stettin. At 07:30, they were amm nack to port and on 7 September, Ostfriesland was in training off Heligoland. In October she received 8.8 cm flak guns. She also took part in the first sortie in the North Sea on 2–3 November 1914, a sweep with no encounter. A second on 15–16 December was ordered by Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, and this time Hipper's I Scouting Group was to raid British coastal towns in order to lure out the Grand Fleet. On 15 December, Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby were targeted and the German battle fleet closed to 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships but Ingenohl under orders of Kaiser Wilhelm II to avoid risks, broke off. Next was the Battle of Dogger Bank, when Ostfriesland with the I Squadron sortied to helped the chased battlecruisersbut they failed to meet the British forces and withdrew in the Jade by 19:05. This was costly as Blücher was sunk and Seydlitz badly damaged. Furious, the Kaiser replaced Ingenohl by Admiral Hugo von Pohl on 2 February 1915. The I Squadron battleships were ordered to the Baltic on 22 February 1915 for training until 13 March. They took part in fleet sweeps on 29–30 March, 17–18 April, 21–22 April, 17–18 May, and 29–30 May. Ostfriesland returned to the Baltic for maneuvers later. KzS Ernst-Oldwig von Natzmer took command when she was sent as distant support during the operation agains the Gulf of Riga in August 1915. She was not involved and the fleet withdrew on 26 August to Wilhelmshaven. 23–24 October, under Admiral Pohl, saw another sweep, but again without results. By January 1916 an ill Pohl was replaced by Vizeadmiral Reinhard Scheer in January. The latter was more aggressive and under approval from the Kaiser prepared a massive sweep into the North Sea on 5–7 March, the two more on 21–22 March and 25–26 March. The latter saw Ostfriesland supporting a raid on the coast on 24 April 1916 by battlecruisers. Lowestoft was bombarded by there was opposition at Yarmouth, with the Harwich Force, however reports of British submarines had the whole I Scouting Group retreating. Like her sisters, the greatest test of her career was at Jutland. Ostfriesland was the lead ship in I Squadron, I Division, ninth ship in the line astern of SMS Friedrich der Grosse, followed by Thüringen. They were at the center of the German line with the König and Kaiser-classes (III Squadron) forward. The battle started with battlecruisers at 16:00. Indefatigable, Queen Mary, were lost the the I scoutnung group as planned retreated to draw Beatty on the High Seas Fleet. At 17:30, König in the lead spotted the I Scouting Group and 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and at 17:45, Scheer ordered a two-point turn to port and opened fire. Ostfriesland engaged the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron. Ostfriesland, Kaiser, and Nassau engaged HMS Southampton, and Ostfriesland shifted to HMS Birmingham and Nottingham with little luck. Ar 19:15, she spotted and fired at Warspite from 10,800 to 15,000 yd (9,900 to 13,700 m), claiming hits. By 20:17, combat with the Grand Fleet was broken by a 180-degree turn covered by a charge by the battlecruiser squadron plus torpedo-boat attack. Schmidt ordered Ostfriesland to turn immediately, not waiting for Thüringen, disrupting a bit manoeuvers, until ships were back to their stations. The ships headed for home in night cruising formation, SMS Ostfriesland wasbeing the eighth in line on the 24-ships and later clashed episodically with British light forces. At 01:10, she spotted and engaged the armored cruiser Black Prince, illuminated by Thüringen but Ostfriesland engaged the cruiser with her 15 cm guns. The Hochseeflotte managed to break through British destroyers and reached Horns Reef at 4:00 on 1 June but at 06:20, Ostfriesland struck a mine, laid by from HMS Abdiel on 4 May. It exploded starboard ans the captain firstr believed it to be a torpedo by a submarine. Ostfriesland fell behind the line and at slow speed was escorted by destroyer V3, V5, accelerating at 10:40 to 15 knots and signalled later underway by a floatplane, a British submarine at 12:20. Ostfriesland turned away but her torpedo bulkhead was torn open and flooding caused a 4.75 degree list to starboard. At 14:45 the flooding was under control and she passed the Jade Lightship, entering the roadstead at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) to Wilhelmshaven. In drydock she was patched for the 40 ft × 16 ft (12.2 m × 4.9 m) gap, pumped out of 500 t of seawater when drydocked in Wilhelmshaven until 26 July. At Jutland she fired 111 rounds main, 101 secondaries, even one 8.8 cm round at a destroyer. The mine blast killed one, wounded ten. On 18 August 1916, she was called in distant support fir the raid on Sunderland. On 25–26 September, same, for a raid on the Terschelling Bank by Torpedobootes. And on 18–20 October, to the Dogger Bank. 1917 saw Ostfriesland in guard duty, German Bight. Operation Albion (Gulf of Riga) saw her in the Danish straits in blockade. On 28 October she was in Putzig Wiek, Arensburg and the operation was completed so she proceeded back to the North Sea. March 1918 saw KzS Hans Herr taking command before another, last sortie on 23–24 April 1918: Ostfriesland, Thüringen, and Nassau were deployed together for Operation Schlußstein, planned occupation of St. Petersburg. The operation was postponed and canceled and she was back in Wilhelmshaven. She was mobilized for a final fleet action by October 1918, but on 29 October 1918, whe ordered to sail to Wilhelmshaven the night saw widespread mutiny, so the operation was cancelled. It seems mutiny was limited on Ostfriesland but on 16 December, she was decommissioned, used as a barracks ship. USS Ostfriesland, en route to the US While the fleet was interned at Scapa Flow the four Helgoland-class stayed in Germany and by 21 June, learned about the scuttling. KzS Karl Windmüller became Ostfriesland's last captain until stricken on 5 November 1919. She became the war prize "H" in Germany until 7 April 1920, then Rosyth, ceded to the United States and recommissioned on 7 April as "USS Ostfriesland" under Captain J. F. Hellweg and sailed to the US on 9 April with American crew a few german officers advisors. She headed for New York, decommissioned on 20 September 1920 but by July 1921, the USN and Army Air Service took her for bombing tests off Cape Henry under General Billy Mitchell. She was part of a "fleet" comprising the USS Iowa, cruiser Frankfurt on 20 July. The first attack at 13:30 was with 230 lb (100 kg) bombs and eight of 32 bombs dropped hit her after inspection. The second wave followed, the a third and fourth with 600 lb (270 kg) bombs. Five of the latter found their mark and she had near-hits which damaged her hull, starting a flooding, list of 5° degrees to port. Mitchell's test. Sge only was sunk by gradual flooding mostly resulting from near-misses. Thus resumed on 21 July, with a fifth wave of bombers, at 08:52 (this time with 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs). She had a hit, then two in a 6th wave. Inspection revealed they still not seriously damaged her, albeit more flooding. By noon she was five feet lower. At 12:19 she was hit with 2,000 lb (910 kg) bombs, not direct hit but only near-misses. At 12:30 flooding was such she sank rapidly by the stern, listed to port until rolling over at 12:40.

Kaiserliche Marine Thüringen

SMS Thüringen was started as Ersatz Beowulf at AG Weser dockyard, Bremen, hull 166, laid down on 2 November 1908, launched 27 November 1909 and completed in June 1911 and floated down the Weser River to the North Sea, commissioned on 1 July 1911 and starting her sea trials unti 10 September. On 19 September, she joined I Battle Squadron and her training exercises routine started (fleet maneuvers in November, Norway cruise in summer, Baltic training). By October 1913 her new captaon was William Michaelis, until February 1915. By July 1914 she was off Skagen. On 27 July, the fleet assembled off Cape Skudenes as tension rose, and sailed to Wilhelmshaven. She was there for the first sortie in the North Sea on 2–3 November 1914, no encounter. Next was on 15–16 December for a raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby. She came to 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of a sqn. of British battleships but Ingenohl withdrew. During the Battle of Dogger Bank Thüringen sortied as reinforcement, but came too late and was back at 19:05 to the Schillig Roadstead. As part of I Squadron she was sent to the Baltic on 22 February 1915 for training until 13 March and back to Wilhelmshaven, took part in several sorties on 29–30 March, 17–18 April, 21–22 April, 17–18 May, and 29–30 May. Next she was mobilized for the operation in the Gulf of Riga by August 1915 but she stayed outside the Gulf, only Nassau and Posen being detached on 16 August. On 23–24 October, she made another undruitful sorties, as well as on 5–7 March, 21–22 March, 25–26 March and 24 April 1916, aborted when Seydlitz struck a mine and later reports of British submarines. Like her sister her only serious test was at the Battle of Jutland. Thüringen was the second ship in I Division, I Squadron, 10th in line astern of flagship Ostfriesland, ahead of Helgoland, center of the line with the König-Kaiser ahead of them. At 17:30, König, spotted I Scouting Group and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron and at 17:50 Scheer ordered to open fire. Thüringen was too far out of range and concentrated on the British 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron. Thüringen and Kronprinz engaged HMS Dublin in poor visibility, between 18,600 to 20,800 yd with 39 shells of 30.5 cm spent for Thüringen, and later engaging the The British destroyers Nestor and Nomad. At 19:15, they spotted and engaged HMS Warspite and she opened fire on her at 19:25 with her main and secondares at 10,600-11,800 yd, sendig 21 main, 37 secondary shells in 5-6 minutes before loosing sight, making no apparent hit. Next was HMS Malaya, 20 main without hit in 7 min. at 14,100 yd (12,900 m) before turning away as ordered by Scheer to disengage. At 23:30, while in night-cruising formation, Thüringen was 7th in line and duelled with British light forces in short and fiece engagements under projector lights. Thüringen illuminated one of these ships the lost HMS Black Prince, and fired at point-blank range. The first salvo blown overboard her aft gun turret. In total she sent 10 main, 27 secondaries, even 24 8.8 cm rounds and was not alone, until Black Prince blew up and sank in seconds. Later she engaged the destroyer Turbulent between star shell and light artillery. Like the rest she arrived at Horns Reef by 04:00, 1 June. In all she fired 107 main, 115 secondary, 22 tertiary shells and her crew had not even a single casualty. On 18 August Scheer launched another sortie with remaining Moltke and Von der Tann, three dreadnoughts on Sunderland, Thüringen in distant cover. But the operation was aborted. On 25–26 September, Thüringen was again in cover of the torpedo-boat flotillas operating to Terschelling Bank. There was another sortie on 18–20 October to the Dogger Bank. But the battleship stayed at port for the whole of 1917, with tours of guard duty in the German Bight. Operation Albion (Gulf of Riga) she was guarding the Danish straits. Her last sortie was on 23–24 April 1918 (Operation Schlußstein), abortred. For the last action plenned on October 1918, there was mutiny: In the night of 29 October, sailors on Thüringen deserted, stokers turned off the boilers, going on strike. The loyalist torpedo boats B110 and B112 and U-135 threatened her, and some 314 sailors and 124 stokers were arrested, placed in custody. But the mutiny spread throughout the fleet until the operation was cancelled. Not sent to Scapa Flow, Thüringen remained in Germany and was decommissioned on 16 December 1918, used as barracks until stricken on 5 November 1919. She was later allocated to the French Navy on 29 April 1920 as "L" and brought to Cherbourg by a skeleton crew, used as a target ship and sank off Gavres, partially BU there on 1923–1933, the rest rotting up for decades.

Kaiserliche Marine Oldenburg

Oldenburg at berth, visited by Kaiser Wilhelm II and admirals. SMS Oldenburg was ordered as Ersatz Frithjof, laid down at Schichau-Werke, Danzig as hull 828 but delayed to 1909 in fiscal year alsthough the contract was given before the 1909 budget had been approved, and British spies being present when the yard stockpiled materials, prompted a naval scare in Britain with the famous "we want eight and we won't wait" followed by a major escalation in the naval arms race. Her keel was laid down on 1 March 1909 she was launched on 30 June 1910 and after launching, she was fitted-out in Kiel by August 1911, commissioned on 1 May 1912 followed by sea trials in the Baltic. On 17 July she joine the I Battle Squadron for the same training routine as her sister until July 1914, when she was hurriedly ordered back home. On 27 July she was off Cape Skudenes and two days later in Wilhelmshaven. She took part in the first sortie of 2–3 November 1914, then 15–16 December on Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby. She arrived too later after the Battle of Dogger Bank, followed by training between 22 February to 13 March 1915 in the Baltic, sorties on 29–30 March, 17–18 April, 21–22 April, 17–18 May, and 29–30 May, the Gulf of Riga operation as distant support, the 23–24 October sortie, last under Von Pohl, then under Scheer on 5–7 March, 21–22 March, 25–26 March and the raifd of 24 April 1916 cancelled after Seydlitz hit a mine to Yarmouth. Next was the Battle of Jutland in which SMS Oldenburg was the fourth in her own class in line, 12th overall astern of Helgoland, ahead of Posen of the next Nassau class. This get serious at 17:00, but she only commenced firing at 18:30, on the destroyers Nestor and Nomad. At 19:15, she fired on Warspite but briefly during an ordered 180-degree turn to disengage, claiming hits. 23:30, and she was the fifth in line when back home. At 01:10, six destroyers (4th Destroyer Flotilla) were spotted and engaged, Oldenburg firing at close range, notably on Fortune and Porpoise. She took a single 4-inch hit at her forward searchlight above the bridge and this killed and wounded most officers of the bridge including the helmsman and Captain Höpfner. Unsteered, she nearly rammed Posen and Helgoland until Höpfner reached the wheel, took control. Next her gunners engaged HMS Ardent and later Fortune was sunk. Like the rest she reached Horns Reef by 4:00, 1 June and entered the Jade for repairs. In all she fired 53 main, 88 secondaries, 30 tertiary shells, and the single lucky hit from HMS Fortune was the only damage she ever had in this was, albeit she had a misfire in the N°4 port-side 15 cm gun, adding casulaties, which amounted to 8 men killed, 14 wounded, mostly officers including the captain. After guarding the German Bight, repairs in Wilhelmshaven (30 June-15 July) she was mobilized for a sortie on 18 August, on Sunderland later cancelled. There was also an aborted sortie on 25–26 September, to the Terschelling Bank and on 18–20 October (Dogger Bank) but this was a quiet 1917, while for Operation Albion she was posted in the Danish straits. Last sortie was on 23–24 April 1918, aborted after Moltke suffered engine troubles. For the final fleet action of October 1918, mutiny was in the air. On 29 October, sailors on Thüringen followed the move, the last sortie was cancelled. Oldenburg was stricken on 5 November 1919 and after the Treaty of Versailles, she was surrendered to Japan as "M" on 13 May 1920 but sold to a British shipbreaker by June 1920 BU in Dordrecht.

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❢ Abbreviations & acronyms
    AAAnti-Aircraft
    AAW// warfare
    AASAmphibious Assault Ship
    AdmAdmiral
    AEWAirbone early warning
    AGAir Group
    AFVArmored Fighting Vehicle
    AMGBarmoured motor gunboat
    APArmor Piercing
    APCArmored Personal Carrier
    ASAntisubmarine
    ASMAir-to-surface Missile
    ASMDAnti Ship Missile Defence
    ASROCASW Rockets
    ASWAnti Submarine Warfare
    ASWRLASW Rocket Launcher
    ATWahead thrown weapon
    avgasAviation Gasoline
    awAbove Waterline
    AWACSAirborne warning & control system
    BBBattleship
    bhpbrake horsepower
    BLBreach-loader (gun)
    BLRBreach-loading, Rifled (gun)
    BUBroken Up
    ccirca
    CAArmoured/Heavy cruiser
    Capt.Captain
    CalCaliber or ".php"
    CGMissile Cruiser
    CICCombat Information Center
    C-in-CCommander in Chief
    CIWSClose-in weapon system
    CECompound Expansion (engine)
    ChChantiers ("Yard", FR)
    CLCruiser, Light
    cmcentimeter(s)
    CMBCoastal Motor Boat
    CMSCoastal Minesweeper
    CNOChief of Naval Operations
    CpCompound (armor)
    CoCompany
    COBCompound Overhad Beam
    CODAGCombined Diesel & Gas
    CODOGCombined Diesel/Gas
    COGAGCombined Gas and Gas
    COGOGCombined Gas/Gas
    commcommissioned
    compcompleted
    convconverted
    convlconventional
    COSAGCombined Steam & Gas
    CRCompound Reciprocating
    CRCRSame, connecting rod
    CruDivCruiser Division
    CPControlled Pitch
    CTConning Tower
    CTLconstructive total loss
    CTOLConv. Take off & landing
    CTpCompound Trunk
    cucubic
    CylCylinder(s)
    CVAircraft Carrier
    CVA// Attack
    CVE// Escort
    CVL// Light
    CVS// ASW support
    cwtHundredweight
    DADirect Action
    DASHDrone ASW Helicopter
    DCDepht Charge
    DCT// Track
    DCR// Rack
    DCT// Thrower
    DDDestroyer/drydock
    DEDouble Expansion
    DEDestroyer Escort
    DDE// Converted
    DesRonDestroyer Squadron
    DFDouble Flux
    D/FDirection(finding)
    DPDual Purpose
    DUKWAmphibious truck
    DyDDockyard
    EOCElswick Ordnance Co.
    ECMElectronic Warfare
    ESMElectronic support measure
    FFarenheit
    FCSFire Control System
    FFFrigate
    fpsFeet Per Second
    ftFeets
    FYFiscal Year
    galgallons
    GMMetacentric Height
    GPMGGeneral Purpose Machine-gun
    GRPFiberglass
    GRTGross Tonnage
    GUPPYGreater Underwater Prop.Pow.
    HAHigh Angle
    HCHorizontal Compound
    HCR// Reciprocating
    HCDA// Direct Acting
    HCDCR// connecting rod
    HDA// direct acting
    HDAC// acting compound
    HDAG// acting geared
    HDAR// acting reciprocating
    HDMLHarbor def. Motor Launch
    H/FHigh Frequency
    HF/DF// Directional Finding
    HMSHer Majesty Ship
    HNHarvey Nickel
    HNCHorizontal non-condensing hp
    HPHigh Pressure
    hphorizontal
    HQHeadquarter
    HRHorizontal reciprocating
    HRCR// connecting rod
    HSHarbor Service
    HS(E)Horizontal single (expansion)
    HSET// trunk
    HTHorizontal trunk
    HTE// expansion
    ICInverted Compound
    IDAInverted direct acting
    IFFIdentification Friend or Foe
    ihpindicated horsepower
    IMFInshore Minesweeper
    inInche(s)
    ircironclad
    KCKrupp, cemented
    kgKilogram
    KNC// non cemented
    kmKilometer
    kt(s)Knot(s)
    kwkilowatt
    ibpound(s)
    LALow Angle
    LCLanding Craft
    LCA// Assault
    LCAC// Air Cushion
    LFC// Flak (AA)
    LCG// Gunboat
    LCG(L)/// Large
    LCG(M)/// Medium
    LCG(S)/// Small
    LCI// Infantry
    LCM// Mechanized
    LCP// Personel
    LCP(R)/// Rocket
    LCS// Support
    LCT// Tanks
    LCV// Vehicles
    LCVP/// Personal
    LCU// Utility
    locolocomotive (boiler)
    LSCLanding ship, support
    LSD// Dock
    LSF// Fighter (direction)
    LSM// Medium
    LSS// Stern chute
    LST// Tank
    LSV// Vehicle
    LPlow pressure
    lwllenght waterline
    mmetre(s)
    MModel
    MA/SBmotor AS boat
    maxmaximum
    MGMachine Gun
    MGBMotor Gunboat
    MLSMinelayer/Sweeper
    MLMotor Launch
    MMSMotor Minesweper
    MTMilitary Transport
    MTBMotor Torpedo Boat
    HMGHeavy Machine Gun
    MCM(V)Mine countermeasure Vessel
    minminute(s)
    MkMark
    MLMuzzle loading
    MLR// rifled
    MSOOcean Minesweeper
    mmmillimetre
    NCnon condensing
    nhpnominal horsepower
    nmNautical miles
    Number
    NBC/ABCNuc. Bact. Nuclear
    NSNickel steel
    NTDSNav.Tactical Def.System
    NyDNaval Yard
    oaOverall
    OPVOffshore Patrol Vessel
    PCPatrol Craft
    PDMSPoint Defence Missile System
    pdrpounder
    ppperpendicular
    psipounds per square inch
    PVDSPropelled variable-depth sonar
    QFQuick Fire
    QFC// converted
    RAdmRear Admiral
    RCRadio-control/led
    RCRreturn connecting rod
    recRectangular
    revRevolver
    RFRapid Fire
    RPCRemote Control
    rpgRound per gun
    SAMSurface to air Missile
    SARSearch Air Rescue
    sbSmoothbore
    SBShip Builder
    SCSub-chaser (hunter)
    SSBNBallistic Missile sub.Nuclear
    SESimple Expansion
    SET// trunk
    SGSteeple-geared
    shpShaft horsepower
    SHsimple horizontal
    SOSUSSound Surv. System
    SPRsimple pressure horiz.
    sqsquare
    SSSubmarine (Conv.)
    SSMSurface-surface Missile
    subsubmerged
    sfsteam frigate
    SLBMSub.Launched Ballistic Missile
    spfsteam paddle frigate
    STOVLShort Take off/landing
    SUBROCSub.Fired ASW Rocket
    tton, long (short in bracket)
    TACANTactical Air Nav.
    TBTorpedo Boat
    TBD// destroyer
    TCTorpedo carriage
    TETriple expansion
    TER// reciprocating
    TFTask Force
    TGBTorpedo gunboat
    TGTask Group
    TLTorpedo launcher
    TLC// carriage
    TNTTrinitroluene
    TSTraining Ship
    TTTorpedo Tube
    UDTUnderwater Demolition Team
    UHFUltra High Frequency
    VadmVice Admiral
    VCVertical compound
    VCE// expansion
    VDE/ double expansion
    VDSVariable Depth Sonar
    VIC/ inverted compound
    VLFVery Low Frequency
    VQL/ quadruple expansion
    VSTOLVertical/short take off/landing
    VTE/ triple expansion
    VTOLVertical take off/landing
    VSE/ Simple Expansion
    wksWorks
    wlwaterline
    WTWireless Telegraphy
    xnumber of
    YdYard
    Organizations
    GIUKGreenland-Iceland-UK
    BuShipsBureau of Ships
    DBMGerman Navy League
    GBGreat Britain
    DNCDirectorate of Naval Construction
    EEZExclusive Economic Zone
    FAAFleet Air Arm
    FNFLFree French Navy
    JMSDFJap.Mar.Self-Def.Force
    MDAPMutual Def.Assistance Prog.
    MSAMaritime Safety Agency
    NATO
    RAFRoyal Air Force
    RANRoyal Australian Navy
    RCNRoyal Canadian Navy
    R&DResearch & Development
    RNRoyal Navy
    RNZNRoyal New Zealand Navy
    ussrUnion of Socialist Republics
    UE/EECEuropean Union/Comunity
    UNUnited Nations Org.
    USNUnited States Navy
    WaPacWarsaw Pact

⛶ Pre-Industrial Eras

☀ Introduction
☀ Neolithic to bronze age
⚚ Antique
⚜ Medieval
⚜ Renaissance
⚜ Enlightenment

⚔ Naval Battles

⚔ Pre-Industrial Battles ☍ See the page
  • Salamis
  • Cape Ecnomus
  • Actium
  • Red Cliffs
  • Battle of the Masts
  • Yamen
  • Lake Poyang
  • Lepanto
  • Vyborg Bay
  • Svensksund
  • Trafalgar
  • Sinope
⚔ Industrial Era Battles ☍ See the page
⚔ WW1 Naval Battles ☍ See the Page
⚔ WW2 Naval Battles ☍ See the Page

⚔ Crimean War

Austrian Navy ☍ See the page
French Navy ☍ See the page
    Screw Ships of the Line
  • Navarin class (1854)
  • Duquesne class (1853)
  • Fleurus class (1853)
  • Montebello (1852)
  • Austerlitz (1852)
  • Jean Bart (1852)
  • Charlemagne (1851)
  • Napoleon (1850)
  • Sailing Ships of the Line
  • Valmy (1847)
  • Ocean class (1805)
  • Hercules class (1836)
  • Iéna class (1814)
  • Jupiter (1831)
  • Duperré (1840)
  • Screw Frigates
  • Pomone (1845)
  • Isly (1849)
  • Bellone (1853)
  • D’Assas class (1854)
  • Screw Corvettes
  • Primauguet class (1852)
  • Roland (1850)
Royal Navy ☍ See the page
  • Duke of Wellington
  • Conqueror (1855)
  • Marlborough (1855)
  • Royal Albert (1854)
  • St Jean D’Acre (1853)
  • Waterloo (1833
  • Sailing ships of the Line
  • Sailing Frigates
  • Sailing Corvettes
  • Screw two deckers
  • Screw frigates
  • Screw Corvettes
  • Screw guard ships
  • Paddle frigates
  • Paddle corvettes
  • Screw sloops
  • Paddle sloops
  • Screw gunboats
  • Brigs

⚑ 1870 Fleets

Spanish Navy 1870 Armada Espanola ☍ See the Page
  • Numancia (1863)
  • Tetuan (1863)
  • Vitoria (1865)
  • Arapiles (1864)
  • Zaragosa (1867)
  • Sagunto (1869)
  • Mendez Nunez (1869)
  • Spanish wooden s. frigates (1861-65)
  • Frigate Tornado (1865)
  • Frigate Maria de Molina (1868)
  • Spanish sail gunboats (1861-65)
Austro-Hungarian Navy 1870 K.u.K. Kriegsmarine
Danish Navy 1870 Dansk Marine
  • Dannebrog (1863)
  • Peder Skram (1864)
  • Danmark (1864)
  • Rolf Krake (1864)
  • Lindormen (1868)

  • Jylland CR (1860)
  • Tordenskjold CR (1862)
  • Dagmar SP (1861)
  • Absalon class GB (1862)
  • Fylla class GB (1863)
Hellenic Navy 1870 Nautiko Hellenon
  • Basileos Giorgios (1867)
  • Basilisa Olga (1869)
  • Sloop Hellas (1861)
Koninklije Marine 1870 Koninklije Marine 1870
  • Dutch Screw Frigates & corvettes
  • De Ruyter Bd Ironclad (1863)
  • Prins H. der Neth. Turret ship (1866)
  • Buffel class turret rams (1868)
  • Skorpioen class turret rams (1868)
  • Heiligerlee class Monitors (1868)
  • Bloedhond class Monitors (1869)
  • Adder class Monitors (1870)
  • A.H.Van Nassau Frigate (1861)
  • A.Paulowna Frigate (1867)
  • Djambi class corvettes (1860)
  • Amstel class Gunboats (1860)
Marine Française 1870 Marine Nationale ☍ See the Page
  • Screw 3-deckers (1850-58)
  • Screw 2-deckers (1852-59)
  • Screw Frigates (1849-59)
  • Conv. sailing frigates
  • Screw Corvettes (1846-59)
  • Screw Fl. Batteries (1855)
  • Paddle Frigates
  • Paddle Corvettes
  • screw sloops
  • screw gunboats
  • Sailing ships of the line
  • Sailing frigates
  • Sailing corvettes
  • Sailing bricks


  • Gloire class Bd. Ironclads (1859)
  • Couronne Bd. Ironclad (1861)
  • Magenta class Bd. Ironclads (1861)
  • Palestro class Flt. Batteries (1862)
  • Arrogante class Flt. Batteries (1864)
  • Provence class Bd. Ironclads (1864)
  • Embuscade class Flt. Batteries (1865)
  • Taureau arm. ram (1865)
  • Belliqueuse Bd. Ironclad (1865)
  • Alma Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1867)
  • Ocean class CT Battery ship (1868)


  • Cosmao class cruisers (1861)
  • Talisman cruisers (1862)
  • Resolue cruisers (1863)
  • Venus class cruisers (1864)
  • Decres cruiser (1866)
  • Desaix cruiser (1866)
  • Limier class cruisers (1867)
  • Linois cruiser (1867)
  • Chateaurenault cruiser (1868)
  • Infernet class Cruisers (1869)
  • Bourayne class Cruisers (1869)
  • Cruiser Hirondelle (1869)

  • Curieux class sloops (1860)
  • Adonis class sloops (1863)
  • Guichen class sloops (1865)
  • Sloop Renard (1866)
  • Bruix class sloops (1867)
  • Pique class gunboats (1862)
  • Hache class gunboats (1862)
  • Arbalete class gunboats (1866)
  • Etendard class gunboats (1868)
  • Revolver class gunboats (1869)
Marinha do Brasil 1870 Marinha do Brasil
  • Barrozo class (1864)
  • Brasil (1864)
  • Tamandare (1865)
  • Lima Barros (1865)
  • Rio de Janeiro (1865)
  • Silvado (1866)
  • Mariz E Barros class (1866)
  • Carbal class (1866)
Turkish Ottoman navy 1870 Osmanlı Donanması
  • Osmanieh class Bd.Ironclads (1864)
  • Assari Tewfik (1868)
  • Assari Shevket class Ct. Ironclads (1868)
  • Lufti Djelil class CDS (1868)
  • Avni Illah class cas.ironclads (1869)
  • Fethi Bulend class cas.ironclads (1870)
  • Barbette ironclad Idjalleh (1870)
  • Messudieh class Ct.Bat.ships (1874)
  • Hamidieh Ct.Bat.Ironclads (1885)
  • Abdul Kadir Battleships (project)

  • Frigate Ertrogul (1863)
  • Selimieh (1865)
  • Rehberi Tewkik (1875)
  • Mehmet Selim (1876)
  • Sloops & despatch vessels
Turkish Ottoman navy 1870 Marina Do Peru
  • Monitor Atahualpa (1865)
  • CT. Bat Independencia (1865)
  • Turret ship Huascar (1865)
  • Frigate Apurimac (1855)
  • Corvette America (1865)
  • Corvette Union (1865)
Portuguese Navy 1870 Marinha do Portugal
  • Bartolomeu Dias class (28-guns) steam frigates
  • Sagris (14 guns) steam corvette
  • Vasco Da Gama (74 guns) Ship of the Line
  • Dom Fernando I e Gloria (50) Sailing Frigate
  • Dom Joao I class (14 guns) Sailing corvettes
  • Portuguese Side-wheel steamers
Regia Marina 1870 Regia Marina 1870
Imperial Japanese navy 1870 Nihhon Kaigun 1870
  • Ironclad Ruyjo (1868)
  • Ironclad Kotetsu (1868)
  • Frigate Fujiyama (1864)
  • Frigate Kasuga (1863)
  • Corvette Asama (1869)
  • Gunboat Raiden (1856)
  • Gunboat Chiyodogata (1863)
  • Teibo class GB (1866)
  • Gunboat Mushun (1865)
  • Gunboat Hosho (1868)
Prussian Navy 1870 Preußische Marine 1870
  • Prinz Adalbert (1864)
  • Arminius (1864)
  • Friedrich Carl (1867)
  • Kronprinz (1867)
  • K.Whilhelm (1868)
  • Arcona class Frigates (1858)
  • Nymphe class Frigates (1863)
  • Augusta class Frigates (1864)
  • Jäger class gunboats (1860)
  • Chamaleon class gunboats (1860)
Russian mperial Navy 1870 Russkiy Flot 1870
  • Ironclad Sevastopol (1864)
  • Ironclad Petropavlovsk (1864)
  • Ironclad Smerch (1864)
  • Pervenetz class (1863)
  • Charodeika class (1867)
  • Admiral Lazarev class (1867)
  • Ironclad Kniaz Pojarski (1867)
  • Bronenosetz class monitors (1867)
  • Admiral Chichagov class (1868)
  • S3D Imperator Nicolai I (1860)
  • S3D Sinop (1860)
  • S3D Tsessarevich (1860)
  • Russian screw two-deckers (1856-59)
  • Russian screw frigates (1854-61)
  • Russian screw corvettes (1856-60)
  • Russian screw sloops (1856-60)
  • Varyag class Corvettes (1862)
  • Almaz class Sloops (1861)
  • Opyt TGBT (1861)
  • Sobol class TGBT (1863)
  • Pishtchal class TGBT (1866)
Swedish Navy 1870 Svenska marinen
  • Ericsson class monitors (1865)
  • Frigate Karl XIV (1854)
  • Frigate Stockholm (1856)
  • Corvette Gefle (1848)
  • Corvette Orädd (1853)
Norwegian Navy 1870 Søværnet
  • Skorpionen class (1866)
  • Frigate Stolaf (1856)
  • Frigate Kong Sverre (1860)
  • Frigate Nordstjerna (1862)
  • Frigate Vanadis (1862)
  • Glommen class gunboats (1863)
Union Union Navy ☍ See the Page
Confederate Confederate Navy ☍ See the Page
Union 'Old Navy'(1865-1885) ☍ See the Page
  • Dunderberg Bd Ironclad (1865)
  • Wampanoag class frigates (1864)
  • Frigate Chattanooga & Idaho (1864)
  • Frigate Idaho (1864)
  • Java class frigates (1865)
  • Contookook class frigates (1865)
  • Frigate Trenton (1876)
  • Swatara class sloops (1865)
  • Alaska class sloops (1868)
  • Galena class sloops (1873)
  • Enterprise class sloops (1874)
  • Alert class sloops (1873)
  • Alarm torpedo ram (1873)
  • Intrepid torpedo ram (1874)

⚑ 1890 Fleets

Argentinian Navy 1898 Armada de Argentina
  • Parana class (1873)
  • La Plata class (1875)
  • Pilcomayo class (1875)
  • Ferre class (1880)
Austro-Hungarian Navy 1898 K.u.K. Kriegsmarine
  • Custoza (1872)
  • Erzherzog Albrecht (1872)
  • Kaiser (1871)
  • Kaiser Max class (1875)
  • Tegetthoff (1878)

  • Radetzky(ii) class (1872)
  • SMS Donau(ii) (1874)
  • SMS Donau(iii) (1893)

  • Erzherzog Friedrich class (1878)
  • Saida (1878)
  • Fasana (1870)
  • Aurora class (1873)
Chinese Imperial Navy 1898 Imperial Chinese Navy
  • Hai An class frigates (1872)
Danish Navy 1898 Dansk Marine
  • Tordenskjold (1880)
  • Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
  • Skjold (1896)
  • Cruiser Fyen (1882)
  • Cruiser Valkyrien (1888)
Hellenic Navy 1898 Nautiko Hellenon
  • Spetsai class (1889)
  • Nauarchos Miaoulis (1889)
  • Greek Torpedo Boats (1881-85)
  • Greek Gunboats (1861-84)
Haitian Navy 1914Marine Haitienne
  • Gunboat St Michael (1970)
  • Gunboat "1804" (1875)
  • Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
  • Gunboat Toussaint Louverture (1886)
Koninklije Marine 1898 Koninklije Marine
  • Konigin der Netherland (1874)
  • Draak, monitor (1877)
  • Matador, monitor (1878)
  • R. Claeszen, monitor (1891)
  • Evertsen class CDS (1894)
  • Atjeh class cruisers (1876)
  • Cruiser Sumatra (1890)
  • Cruiser K.W. Der. Neth (1892)
  • Banda class Gunboats (1872)
  • Pontania class Gunboats (1873)
  • Gunboat Aruba (1873)
  • Hydra Gunboat class (1873)
  • Batavia class Gunboats (1877)
  • Wodan Gunboat class (1877)
  • Ceram class Gunboats (1887)
  • Combok class Gunboats (1891)
  • Borneo Gunboat (1892)
  • Nias class Gunboats (1895)
  • Koetei class Gunboats (1898)
  • Dutch sloops (1864-85)
Marine Française 1898 Marine Nationale ☍ See the Page
  • Friedland CT Battery ship (1873)
  • Richelieu CT Battery ship (1873)
  • Colbert class CT Battery ships (1875)
  • Redoutable CT Battery ship (1876)
  • Courbet class CT Battery ships (1879)
  • Amiral Duperre barbette ship (1879)
  • Terrible class barbette ships (1883)
  • Amiral Baudin class barbette ships (1883)
  • Barbette ship Hoche (1886)
  • Marceau class barbette ships (1888)

  • Cerbere class Arm.Ram (1870)
  • Tonnerre class Br.Monitors (1875)
  • Tempete class Br.Monitors (1876)
  • Tonnant ironclad (1880)
  • Furieux ironclad (1883)
  • Fusee class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
  • Acheron class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
  • Jemmapes class (1892)
  • Bouvines class (1892)

  • La Galissonière Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1872)
  • Bayard class barbette ships (1879)
  • Vauban class barbette ships (1882)
  • Prot. Cruiser Sfax (1884)
  • Prot. Cruiser Tage (1886)
  • Prot. Cruiser Amiral Cécille (1888)
  • Prot. Cruiser Davout (1889)
  • Forbin class Cruisers (1888)
  • Troude class Cruisers (1888)
  • Alger class Cruisers (1891)
  • Friant class Cruisers (1893)
  • Prot. Cruiser Suchet (1893)
  • Descartes class Cruisers (1893)
  • Linois class Cruisers (1896)
  • D'Assas class Cruisers (1896)
  • Catinat class Cruisers (1896)

  • R. de Genouilly class Cruisers (1876)
  • Cruiser Duquesne (1876)
  • Cruiser Tourville (1876)
  • Cruiser Duguay-Trouin (1877)
  • Laperouse class Cruisers (1877)
  • Villars class Cruisers (1879)
  • Cruiser Iphigenie (1881)
  • Cruiser Naiade (1881)
  • Cruiser Arethuse (1882)
  • Cruiser Dubourdieu (1884)
  • Cruiser Milan (1884)

  • Parseval class sloops (1876)
  • Bisson class sloops (1874)
  • Epee class gunboats (1873)
  • Crocodile class gunboats (1874)
  • Tromblon class gunboats (1875)
  • Condor class Torpedo Cruisers (1885)
  • G. Charmes class gunboats (1886)
  • Inconstant class sloops (1887)
  • Bombe class Torpedo Cruisers (1887)
  • Wattignies class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
  • Levrier class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
Marinha do Brasil 1898 Marinha do Brasil
Marinha do Portugal 1898 Marinha do Portugal
Marina de Mexico 1898 Mexico
  • GB Indipendencia (1874)
  • GB Democrata (1875)
Turkish Ottoman navy 1898 Osmanlı Donanması
  • Cruiser Heibtnuma (1890)
  • Cruiser Lufti Humayun (1892)
  • Cruiser Hadevendighar (1892)
  • Shadieh class cruisers (1893)
  • Turkish TBs (1885-94)
Regia Marina 1898 Regia Marina
  • Pr. Amadeo class (1871)
  • Caio Duilio class (1879)
  • Italia class (1885)
  • Ruggero di Lauria class (1884)
  • Carracciolo (1869)
  • Vettor Pisani (1869)
  • Cristoforo Colombo (1875)
  • Flavio Goia (1881)
  • Amerigo Vespucci (1882)
  • C. Colombo (ii) (1892)
  • Pietro Micca (1876)
  • Tripoli (1886)
  • Goito class (1887)
  • Folgore class (1887)
  • Partenope class (1889)
  • Giovanni Bausan (1883)
  • Etna class (1885)
  • Dogali (1885)
  • Piemonte (1888)
  • Staffeta (1876)
  • Rapido (1876)
  • Barbarigo class (1879)
  • Messagero (1885)
  • Archimede class (1887)
  • Guardiano class GB (1874)
  • Scilla class GB (1874)
  • Provana class GB (1884)
  • Curtatone class GB (1887)
  • Castore class GB (1888)
Imperial Japanese navy 1898 Nihhon Kaigun
  • Ironclad Fuso (1877)
  • Kongo class Ironclads (1877)

  • Cruiser Tsukushi (1880)
  • Cruiser Takao (1888)
  • Cruiser Yaeyama (1889)
  • Cruiser Chishima (1890)
  • Cruiser Tatsuta (1894)
  • Cruiser Miyako (1898)

  • Frigate Nisshin (1869)
  • Frigate Tsukuba (acq.1870)
  • Kaimon class CVT (1882)
  • Katsuragi class SCVT (1885)
  • Sloop Seiki (1875)
  • Sloop Amagi (1877)
  • Corvette Jingei (1876)
  • Gunboat Banjo (1878)
  • Maya class GB (1886)
  • Gunboat Oshima (1891)
German Navy 1898 Kaiserliche Marine
  • Ironclad Hansa (1872)
  • G.Kurfürst class (1873)
  • Kaiser class (1874)
  • Sachsen class (1877)
  • Ironclad Oldenburg (1884)

  • Ariadne class CVT (1871)
  • Leipzig class CVT (1875)
  • Bismarck class CVT (1877)
  • Carola class CVT (1880)
  • Corvette Nixe (1885)
  • Corvette Charlotte (1885)
  • Schwalbe class Cruisers (1887)
  • Bussard class (1890)

  • Aviso Zieten (1876)
  • Blitz class Avisos (1882)
  • Aviso Greif (1886)
  • Wacht class Avisos (1887)
  • Meteor class Avisos (1890)
  • Albatross class GBT (1871)
  • Cyclop GBT (1874)
  • Otter GBT (1877)
  • Wolf class GBT (1878)
  • Habitch class GBT (1879)
  • Hay GBT (1881)
  • Eber GBT (1881)
  • Rhein class Monitors (1872)
  • Wespe class Monitors (1876)
  • Brummer class Arm.Steamers (1884)
Russian Imperial Navy 1898 Russkiy Flot
Marina do Peru Marina Do Peru
  • Lima class Cruisers (1880)
  • Chilean TBs (1879)
Swedish Navy 1898 Svenska Marinen
Norwegian Navy 1898 Søværnet
  • Lindormen (1868)
  • Gorm (1870)
  • Odin (1872)
  • Helgoland (1878)
  • Tordenskjold (1880)
  • Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
Royal Navy 1898 Royal Navy 1898
  • Hotspur (1870)
  • Glatton (1871)
  • Devastation class (1871)
  • Cyclops class (1871)
  • Rupert (1874)
  • Neptune class (1874)
  • Dreadnought (1875)
  • Inflexible (1876)
  • Agamemnon class (1879)
  • Conqueror class (1881)
  • Colossus class (1882)
  • Admiral class (1882)
  • Trafalgar class (1887)
  • Victoria class (1890)
  • Royal Sovereign class (1891)
  • Centurion class (1892)
  • Renown (1895)

  • HMS Shannon (1875)
  • Nelson class (1876)
  • Iris class (1877)
  • Leander class (1882)
  • Imperieuse class (1883)
  • Mersey class (1885)
  • Surprise class (1885)
  • Scout class (1885)
  • Archer class (1885)
  • Orlando class (1886)
  • Medea class (1888)
  • Barracouta class (1889)
  • Barham class (1889)
  • Pearl class (1889)
  • 1870-90 Torpedo Boats
  • Spanish Navy 1898 Armada 1898
    • Ironclad Pelayo (1887)

    • Aragon class (1879)
    • Velasco class (1881)
    • Isla de Luzon (1886)
    • Alfonso XII class (1887)
    • Reina Regentes class (1887)
    • Infanta Maria Teresa class (1890)
    • Emperador Carlos V (1895)
    • Cristobal Colon (1896)
    • Princesa de Asturias class (1896)

    • Destructor class (1886)
    • Temerario class (1891)
    • TGunboat Filipinas (1892)
    • De Molina class (1896)
    • Furor class (1896)
    • Audaz class (1897)
    • Spanish TBs (1878-87)
    • Fernando class gunboats (1875)
    • Concha class gunboats (1883)
    US Navy 1898 1898 US Navy US Navy 1898☍ See the Page
    • USS Maine (1889)
    • USS Texas (1892)
    • Indiana class (1893)
    • USS Iowa (1896)

    • Amphitrite class (1876)
    • USS Puritan (1882)
    • USS Monterey (1891)

    • Atlanta class (1884)
    • USS Chicago (1885)
    • USS Charleston (1888)
    • USS Baltimore (1888)
    • USS Philadelphia (1889)
    • USS San Francisco (1889)
    • USS Newark (1890)
    • USS New York (1891)
    • USS Olympia (1892)
    • Cincinatti class (1892)
    • Montgomery class (1893)
    • Columbia class (1893)
    • USS Brooklyn (1895)

    • USS Vesuvius (1888)
    • USS Katahdin (1893)
    • USN Torpedo Boats (1886-1901)
    • GB USS Dolphin (1884)
    • Yorktown class GB (1888)
    • GB USS Petrel (1888)
    • GB USS Bancroft (1892)
    • Machias class GB (1891)
    • GB USS Nashville (1895)
    • Wilmington class GB (1895)
    • Annapolis class GB (1896)
    • Wheeling class GB (1897)
    • Small gunboats (1886-95)
    • St Louis class AMC (1894)
    • Harvard class AMC (1888)
    • USN Armoured Merchant Cruisers
    • USN Armed Yachts

    WW1

    ☉ Entente Fleets

    US ww1 US Navy ☍ See the Page
    British ww1 Royal Navy ☍ See the Page
    French ww1 Marine Nationale ☍ See the Page
    Japan ww1 Nihhon Kaigun ☍ See the Page
    Russia ww1 Russkiy Flot ☍ See the Page
    Italy ww1 Regia Marina

    ✠ Central Empires

    German Navy 1914 Kaiserliche Marine
    austria-hungary ww1 KuK Kriesgmarine
    turkey ww1 Osmanli Donmanasi
    • Barbarossa class battleships (1892)
    • Yavuz (1914)
    • Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)
    • Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)
    • Cruiser Midilli (1914)
    • Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)
    • Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)
    • Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)
    • Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)
    • Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)
    • Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)
    • Marmaris gunboat (1903)
    • Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)
    • Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)
    • Preveze class gunboats (1912)
    • Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats
    • Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)
    • Turkish WW1 Minelayers

    ⚑ Neutral Countries

    Americas
    Argentinian navy Argentina
    Brazilian Navy Brazil
    Chilean Navy 1914 Chile
    Cuban Navy 1914 Cuba
    • Gunboat Baire (1906)
    • Gunboat Patria (1911)
    • Diez de octubre class GB (1911)
    • Sloop Cuba (1911)
    Haitian Navy 1914 Haiti
    • Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
    • GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)
    • GB Capois la Mort (1893)
    • GB Crete a Pierot (1895)
    Mexican Navy Mexico
    • Cruiser Zatagosa (1891)
    • GB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)
    • Tampico class GB (1902)
    • N. Bravo class GB (1903)
    Peruvian Navy 1914 Peru
    • Almirante Grau class (1906)
    • Ferre class subs. (1912)
    Europe
    Bulgarian Navy Bulgaria
    • Cruiser Nadezhda (1898)
    • Drski class TBs (1906)
    Danish Navy 1914 Denmark
    • Skjold class (1896)
    • Herluf Trolle class (1899)
    • Herluf Trolle (1908)
    • Niels Iuel (1918)
    • Hekla class cruisers (1890)
    • Valkyrien class cruisers (1888)
    • Fyen class crusiers (1882)
    • Danish TBs (1879-1918)
    • Danish Submarines (1909-1920)
    • Danish Minelayer/sweepers
    Greek Royal Navy Greece
    Dutch Empire Navy 1914 Netherlands
    • Eversten class (1894)
    • Konigin Regentes class (1900)
    • De Zeven Provincien (1909)
    • Dutch dreadnought (project)
    • Holland class cruisers (1896)
    • Fret class destroyers
    • Dutch Torpedo boats
    • Dutch gunboats
    • Dutch submarines
    • Dutch minelayers
    Norwegian Navy 1914 Norway
    • Haarfarge class (1897)
    • Norge class (1900)
    • Norwegian Monitors
    • Cr. Frithjof (1895)
    • Cr. Viking (1891)
    • DD Draug (1908)
    • Norwegian ww1 TBs
    • Norwegian ww1 Gunboats
    • Sub. Kobben (1909)
    • Ml. Fröya (1916)
    • Ml. Glommen (1917)
    Portuguese navy 1914 Portugal
    • Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
    • Cruiser Adamastor (1896)
    • Sao Gabriel class (1898)
    • Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)
    • Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)
    • Portuguese ww1 Destroyers
    • Portuguese ww1 Submersibles
    • Portuguese ww1 Gunboats
    Romanian Navy 1914 Romania
    Spanish Armada Spain
    Swedish Navy 1914 Sweden
    Asia
    Chinese navy 1914 China
    Thai Empire Navy 1914 Thailand
    • Maha Chakri (1892)
    • Thoon Kramon (1866)
    • Makrut Rajakumarn (1883)

    ⚏ WW1 3rd/4th rank navies

    ✈ WW1 Naval Aviation

    US naval aviation USN
    • Boeing model 2/3/5 (1916)
    • Aeromarine 39 (1917)
    • Curtiss H (1917)
    • Curtiss F5L (1918)
    • Curtiss VE-7 (1918)
    • Curtiss NC (1918)
    • Curtiss NC4 (1918)
    RNAS RNAS
    • Short 184 (1915)
    • Fairey Campania (1917)
    • Felixtowe F2 (1916)
    • Felixtowe F3 (1917)
    • Felixtowe F5 (1918)
    • Sopwith Baby (1917)
    • Fairey Hamble Baby (1917)
    • Fairey III (1918)
    • Short S38 (1912)
    • Short Admiralty Type 166 (1914)
    • Short Admiralty Type 184 (1915)

    • Blackburn Kangaroo
    • Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter
    • Sopwith Pup
    • Sopwith Cuckoo 1918
    • Royal Aircraft Factory Airships
    German Imperial naval aviation Marineflieger
    • Albatros W.4 (1916)
    • Albatros W.8 (1918)
    • Friedrichshafen Models
    • Gotha WD.1-27 (1918)
    • Hansa-Brandenburg series
    • L.F.G V.19 Stralsund (1918)
    • L.F.G W (1916)
    • L.F.G WD (1917)
    • Lübeck-Travemünde (1914)
    • Oertz W series (1914)
    • Rumpler 4B (1914)
    • Sablatnig SF (1916)
    • Zeppelin-Lindau Rs series
    • Kaiserlichesmarine Zeppelins
    French naval aviation French Naval Aviation
    • Borel Type Bo.11 (1911)
    • Nieuport VI.H (1912)
    • Nieuport X.H (1913)
    • Donnet-Leveque (1913)
    • FBA-Leveque (1913)
    • FBA (1913)
    • Donnet-Denhaut (1915)
    • Borel-Odier Type Bo-T(1916)
    • Levy G.L.40 (1917)
    • Blériot-SPAD S.XIV (1917)
    • Hanriot HD.2 (1918)
    • Zodiac Airships
    Italian naval aviation Italian Naval Aviation
    • Ansaldo SVA Idro (1916)
    • Ansaldo Baby Idro (1915)
    • Macchi M3 (1916)
    • Macchi M5 (1918)
    • SIAI S.12 (1918)
    Russian naval aviation Russian Naval Aviation
    • Grigorovich M-5 (1915)
    • Grigorovich M-9 (1916)
    • Grigorovich M-11 (1916)
    • Grigorovich M-15 (1916)
    • Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
    • Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
    ✠ K.u.K. SeeFliegkorps
    • Lohner E (1914)
    • Lohner L (1915)
    • Oeffag G (1916)
    IJN Aviation IJN Air Service
    • IJN Farman 1914
    • Yokosho Rogou Kougata (1917)
    • Yokosuka Igo-Ko (1920)

    WW2

    ✪ Allied ww2 Fleets

    US ww2 US Navy
    British ww2 Royal Navy ☍ See the Page
    French ww2 Marine Nationale ☍ See the Page
    Soviet ww2 Sovietskiy Flot ☍ See the Page
    Royal Canadian Navy Royal Canadian Navy ☍ See the Page
    Royal Australian Navy Royal Australian Navy ☍ See the Page
    Koninklije Marine, Dutch Navy ww2 Dutch Navy ☍ See the Page
    Chinese Navy Chinese Navy 1937 ☍ See the Page

    ✙ Axis ww2 Fleets

    Japan ww2 Imperial Japanese Navy ☍ See the Page
    italy ww2 Regia Marina ☍ See the Page
    German ww2 Kriegsmarine ☍ See the Page

    ⚑ Neutral Navies

    Armada de Argentina Argentinian Navy ☍ See the Page
    Marinha do Brasil Brazilian Navy ☍ See the Page
    Armada de Chile Chilean Navy ☍ See the Page
    Søværnet Danish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Niels Iuel (1918)
    • Danish ww2 Torpedo-Boats
    • Danish ww2 submarines
    • Danish ww2 minelayer/sweepers
    Merivoimat Finnish Navy ☍ See the Page
    Hellenic Navy Hellenic Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Greek ww2 Destroyers
    • Greek ww2 submarines
    • Greek ww2 minelayers
    Marynarka Vojenna Polish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Cruiser ORP Dragon
    • Cruiser ORP Conrad
    • Brislawicka class Destroyers
    • Witcher ww2 Destroyers
    • Minelayer Gryf
    • Wilk class sub.
    • Orzel class sub.
    • Jakolska class minesweepers
    • Polish Monitors
    Portuguese navy ww2 Portuguese Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Douro class DDs
    • Delfim class sub
    • Velho class gb
    • Albuquerque class gb
    • Nunes class sloops
    Romanian Navy Romanian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Romanian ww2 Destroyers
    • Romanian ww2 Submarines
    Royal Norwegian Navy Sjøforsvaret ☍ See the Page
    • Norwegian ww2 Torpedo-Boats
    Spanish Armada Spanish Armada ☍ See the Page
    Svenska Marinen Svenska Marinen ☍ See the Page
    • Sverige class CBBs (1915)
    • Gustav V class CBBs (1918)
    • Interwar Swedish CBB projects

    • Tre Kronor class (1943)
    • Gotland (1933)
    • Fylgia (1905)

    • Ehrernskjold class DDs (1926)
    • Psilander class DDs (1926)
    • Klas Horn class DDs (1931)
    • Romulus class DDs (1934)
    • Göteborg class DDs (1935)
    • Mode class DDs (1942)
    • Visby class DDs (1942)
    • Öland class DDs (1945)

    • Swedish ww2 TBs
    • Swedish ww2 Submarines
    • Swedish ww2 Minelayers
    • Swedish ww2 MTBs
    • Swedish ww2 Patrol Vessels
    • Swedish ww2 Minesweepers
    Türk Donanmasi Turkish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Kocatepe class Destroyers
    • Tinaztepe class Destroyers
    • İnönü class submarines
    • Submarine Dumplumpynar
    • Submarine Sakarya
    • Submarine Gur
    • Submarine Batiray
    • Atilay class submarines
    Royal Yugoslav Navy Royal Yugoslav Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Cruiser Dalmacija
    • Dubrovnik class DDs
    • Beograd class DDs
    • Osvetnik class subs
    • Hrabi class subs
    • Gunboat Beli Orao
    Royal Thai Navy Royal Thai Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Taksin class
    • Ratanakosindra class
    • Sri Ayuthia class
    • Puket class
    • Tachin class
    • Sinsamudar class sub
    minor navies Minor Navies ☍ See the Page

    ✈ Naval Aviation

    Latest entries | WW1 | Cold War
    US naval aviation USN aviation ☍ See the Page
    Fleet Air Arm ☍ See the Page
    IJN aviation ☍ See the Page
    • Mitsubishi 1MF (1923)
    • Nakajima A1N (1930)
    • Nakajima A2N (1932)
    • Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" (1935)
    • Nakajima A4N (1935)
    • Mitsubishi A6M "zeke" (1940)
    • Nakajima J1N Gekko "Irving" (1941)
    • Mitsubishi J2M Raiden "Jack" (1942)
    • Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden "George" (1942)
    • Nakajima J5N Tenrai (1944)

    • Aichi S1A Denko* (1944)
    • Mitsubishi A7M reppu* (1944)
    • Mitsubishi J8M1 Shusui* (1945)
    • Mitsubishi J8M2 Shusui-kai* (1945)
    • Kyushu J7W Shinden* (1945)
    • Nakajima J9Y Kikka* (1945)

    • Mitsubishi 1MT (1922)
    • Mitsubishi B1M (1923)
    • Mitsubishi B2M (1932)
    • Kugisho B3Y (1932)
    • Aichi D1A "Susie" (1934)
    • Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" (1935)
    • Mitsubishi B5M "Mabel" (1937)
    • Nakajima B5N "Kate" (1937)
    • Aichi D3A "Val" (1940)
    • Nakajima B6N "Jill" (1941)
    • Aichi B7A "Grace" (1942)
    • Nakajima C6N Saiun "Myrt" (1942)
    • Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" (1942)
    • Yokosuka MXY-7 "Baka" (1944)

    • Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" (1935)
    • Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" (1941)
    • Kawanishi P1Y Ginga "Frances" (1943)
    • Kyushu Q1W Tokai "Lorna" (1943)
    • Tachikawa Ki-74 "Patsy" (1944)
    • Nakajima G8N Renzan "Rita" (1944)

    • Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
    • Nakajima C2N1 (1931)
    • Yokosuka K5Y1 "Willow" (1933)
    • Nakajima L1N1 (1937)
    • Kawanishi H6K2/4-L (1938)
    • Kyushu K10W1 "Oak" (1941)
    • Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku (1942)
    • Mitsubishi L4M1 (1942)
    • Nakajima G5N Shinzan "Liz" (1942)
    • Yokosuka L3Y "Tina" (1942)
    • Kyushu Q1W1-K "Lorna"(1943)
    • Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan (1943)
    • Yokosuka MXY-7K-1 "Kai" (1944)
    • Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945)

    • Hiro H1H (1926)
    • Yokosuka E1Y (1926)
    • Nakajima E2N (1927)
    • Aichi E3A (1929)
    • Yokosuka K4Y (1930)
    • Nakajima E4N (1931)
    • Nakajima E8N "Dave" (1935)
    • Kawanishi E7K "Alf" (1935)
    • Kawanishi E11K1 (1937)
    • Aichi E11A "Laura" (1938)
    • Watanabe E9W (1938)
    • Watanabe K8W* (1938)
    • Mitsubishi F1M "pete" (1941)
    • Nakajima E14Y "Glen" (1941)
    • Aichi E13A "Jake" (1941)
    • Aichi H9A (1942)
    • Nakajima A6M2-N (1942)
    • Kawanishi E15K Shiun (1942)
    • Kawanishi N1K1 "Rex" (1943)
    • Aichi E16A "Zuiun" (1944)
    • Aichi M6A1 Seiran (1945)

    • Kawanishi E11K* (1937)
    • Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" (1938)
    • Kawanishi K6K* (1938)
    • Kawanishi H6K3 (1939)
    • Kawanishi K8K (1940)
    • Kawanishi H8K "Emily" (1942)
    • Yokosuka H5Y "Cherry" (1936)

    • Mitsubishi 2MR (1923)
    • Yokosho K1Y (1924)
    • Yokosuka K2Y (1928)
    • Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
    • Hitachi LXG1 (1934)
    • Kyushu K10W "Oak" (1943)
    Italian Aviation ☍ See the Page
    French Aeronavale ☍ See the Page
    • Levasseur PL5/9 (1924)
    • Wibault 74 (1926)
    • CAMS 37 (1926)
    • Gourdou-Leseurre GL.300 series (1926-39)
    • Levasseur PL7 (1928)
    • Levasseur PL10 (1929)
    • Latécoere 290 (1931)
    • Breguet 521/22/23 (1931)
    • Leo H257 bis (1932)
    • Latécoere 300 series (1932)
    • Morane 226 (1934)
    • Dewoitine 376 (1934)
    • Latécoere 321 (1935)
    • Potez 452 (1935)
    • Latécoere 38.1 (1936)
    • Loire 210 (1936)
    • Leo H43 (1936)
    • Levasseur PL107 (1937)
    • Loire 130 (1937)
    • Dewoitine HD.730 (1938)
    • Latecoere 298 (1938)
    • LN 401 (1938)
    Soviet Naval Aviation
    Luftwaffe (Naval) ☍ See the Page
    • Arado 197 (1937)
    • Fieseler Fi-167 (1938)
    • Junkers Ju-87C (1938)
    • Messerschmitt Me 109T (1941)
    • Messerschmitt 155 (1944)

    • Heinkel HE 1 (1921)
    • Caspar U1 (1922)
    • Dornier Do J Wal (1922)
    • Dornier Do 16 ‘Wal’ (1923)
    • Heinkel HE 2 (1923)
    • Junkers A 20/Ju 20 (1923)
    • Rohrbach Ro II (1923)
    • Rohrbach Ro III (1924)
    • Dornier Do D (1924)
    • Dornier Do E (1924)
    • Junkers G 24 (1924)
    • Rohrbach Ro IV (1925)
    • Heinkel HD 14 (1925)
    • Heinkel HE 25 (1925)
    • Heinkel HE 26 (1925)
    • Heinkel HE 24 (1926)
    • Heinkel HE 4 (1926)
    • Junkers W 33/34 (1926)
    • Heinkel HE 5 (1926)
    • Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe (1926)
    • Rohrbach Ro V Rocco (1927)
    • Heinkel HE 31 (1927)
    • Heinkel HE 8 (1927)
    • Arado W II (1928)
    • Heinkel HD 9 (1928)
    • Heinkel HD 16 (1928)
    • Heinkel He 55 (1929)
    • Heinkel He 56 (1929)
    • Arado SSD I (1930)
    • Junkers Ju 52w (1930)
    • Heinkel HE 42 (1931)
    • Heinkel He 50 (1931)
    • Heinkel He 59 (1931)
    • Arado Ar 66 (1932)
    • Heinkel He 58 (1932)
    • Junkers Ju 46 (1932)
    • Klemm Kl 35bW (1932)
    • Heinkel He 62 (1932)
    • Heinkel He 60 (1933)
    • Heinkel He 51w (1933)
    • Arado Ar 95 (1937)
    • Arado Ar 196 (1937)
    • Arado Ar 199 (1939)
    • Blohm & Voss Ha 139 (1936)
    • Blohm & Voss BV 138 (1937)
    • Blohm & Voss Ha 140 (1937)
    • Blohm & Voss BV 222 (1938)
    • Blohm & Voss BV 238 (1942)
    • Dornier Do 24/318 (1937)
    • Dornier Do 18 (1935)
    • Dornier Do 26 (1938)
    • Dornier Do 22 (1938)
    • DFS Seeadler (1936)
    • Focke-Wulf Fw 58W (1935)
    • Focke-Wulf Fw 62 (1937)
    • Heinkel He 114 (1936)
    • Heinkel He 115 (1936)
    • Heinkel He 119 (1936)
    Dutch Naval Aviation
    • Fokker W.3 (1915)
    • Fokker T.II (1921)
    • Fokker B.I/III (1922)
    • Fokker B.II (1923)
    • Fokker T.III (1924)
    • Fokker T.IV (1927)
    • Fokker B.IV (1928)
    • Fokker C.VII W (1928)
    • Fokker C.VIII W (1929)
    • Fokker C.XI W (1934)
    • Fokker C.XIV-W (1937)
    • Fokker T.VIII-W (1939)

    ☢ The Cold War

    ☭ WARSAW PACT

    Sovietskaya Flota Sovietskiy flot ☍ See the Page
    Warsaw Pact cold war navy Warsaw Pact Navies ☍ See the Detail
    • Albania
    • Bulgaria
    • Czechoslovakia
    • Hungary
    • Volksmarine East Germany
    • Parchim class corvettes (1985)
    • Hai class sub-chasers (1958)
    • Volksmarine's minesweepers
    • Volksmarine's FAC
    • Volksmarine's Landing ships
    • ORP Warzsawa (1970)
    • ORP Kaszub (1986)
    • Polish Landing ships
    • Polish FACs
    • Polish Patrol ships
    • Polish Minesweepers
    • Missile Destroyer Muntenia (1982)
    • Tetal class Frigates (1981)
    • Romanian river patrol crafts

    ✦ NATO

    bundesmarine Bundesmarine ☍ See the Page
    Dutch Navy Danish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Hvidbjornen class Frigates (1962)
    • Frigate Beskytteren (1976)
    • Peder Skram class Frigates (1965)
    • Thetis class frigates (1989)
    • Bellona class corvettes (1955)
    • Niels Juel class corvettes (1979)

    • Delfinen class submarines (1958)
    • Narhvalen class submarines (1970)

    • Bille class Torpedo Boats (1946)
    • Flyvefisken class Torpedo Boats (1954)
    • Falken class Torpedo Boats (1960)
    • Soloven class Torpedo Boats (1962)
    • Willemoes class FAC (1976)
    • Flyvefisken class FAC (1989)
    • Daphne class Patrol Boats (1960)
    • Danish Minelayers
    • Danish Minesweepers
    Dutch Navy Dutch Navy ☍ See the Page
    • CV Karel Doorman (1948)
    • De Zeven Provinciën class cruisers (1945)
    • Holland class DDs (1953)
    • Friesland class DDs (1953)
    • Roodfier class Frigates (1953)
    • Frigate Lynx (1954)
    • Van Speijk class Frigates (1965)
    • Tromp class Frigates (1973)
    • Kortenaer class frigates (1976)
    • Van H. class Frigates (1983)
    • K. Doorman class Frigates (1988)
    • Dolfijn clas sub. (1959)
    • Zwaardvis class subs. (1970)
    • Walrus class subs. (1985)
    • ATD Rotterdam (1990s)
    • Dokkum class minesweepers (1954)
    • Alkmaar class minesweepers (1982)
    Hellenic Navy Hellenic Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Hydra class FFs (1990)
    • Greek cold war Subs
    • Greek Amphibious ships
    • Greek MTBs/FACs
    • Greek Patrol Vessels
    Eire Irish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Eithne class PBs (1983)
    • Cliona class PBs
    • Deidre/Emer class PBs
    • Orla class fast PBs
    Marina Militare Marina Militare ☍ See the Page
      Aircraft Carriers
    • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1983)
    • Conte di Cavour (2004)*
    • Trieste (2022)*
    • Cruisers
    • Missile cruiser Garibaldi (1960)
    • Doria class H. cruisers (1962)
    • Vittorio Veneto (1969)
    • Destroyers

    • Impetuoso class (1956)
    • Impavido class (1957)
    • Audace class (1971)
    • De La Penne class (1989)
    • Orizzonte class (2007)*
    • Frigates
    • Grecale class (1949)
    • Canopo class (1955)
    • Bergamini class (1960)
    • Alpino class (1967)
    • Lupo class (1976)
    • Maestrale class (1981)
    • Bergamini class (2013)*
    • Thaon di Revel class (2020)*
    • Corvettes (OPV)
    • Albatros class (1954)
    • De Cristofaro class (1965)
    • Minerva class (1987)
    • Cassiopeia class (1989)
    • Esploratore class (1997)*
    • Sirio class (2003)*
    • Commandanti class (2004)*
    • Submarines
    • Toti class (1967)
    • Sauro class (1976)
    • Pelosi class (1986)
    • Sauro class (1992)*
    • Todaro class (2006)*
    • Attack/Amphibious ships
    • San Giorgio LSD (1987)
    • Gorgona class CTS (1987)
    • Italian Landing Crafts (1947-2020)
    • Misc. ships
    • Folgore PB (1952)
    • Lampo class PBs (1960)
    • Freccia class PBs (1965)
    • Sparviero class GMHF (1973)
    • Stromboli class AOR (1975)
    • Anteo SRS (1980)
    • Etna class LSS (1988)
    • Vulcano AOR (1998)*
    • Elettra EWSS (2003)*
    • Etna AOR (2021)*
    • Mine warfare ships
    • Lerici class (1982)
    • Gaeta class (1992)*
    Marine Française Marine Nationale ☍ See the Page
      Battleships
    • Jean Bart (1949)
    • Aircraft/Helicopter carriers
    • Dixmude (1946)
    • Arromanches (1946)
    • Lafayette class light carriers (1954)
    • PA 28 class project (1947)
    • Clemenceau class (1957)
    • Jeanne d'Arc (1961)
    • PA 58 (1958)
    • PH 75/79 (1975)
    • Charles de Gaulle (1994)

    • Cruisers
    • De Grasse (1946)
    • Chateaurenault class (1950)
    • Colbert (1956)

    • Destroyers
    • Surcouf class (1953)
    • Duperre class (1956)
    • La Galissonniere class (1960)
    • Suffren class (1965)
    • Aconit (1970)
    • Tourville class (1972)
    • G. Leygues class (1976)
    • Cassard class (1985)

    • Frigates
    • Le Corse class (1952)
    • Le Normand class (1954)
    • Cdt Riviere class (1958)
    • Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
    • Lafayette class (1990)

    • Corvettes
    • Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
    • Floreal class (1990)

    • Submarines
    • La Creole class (1940)
    • Narval class (1954)
    • Arethuse class (1957)
    • Daphne class (1959)
    • Gymnote test SSBN (1964)
    • Le Redoutable SSBN (1967)
    • Agosta SSN (1974)
    • Rubis SSN (1979)
    • Amethyste SSN (1988)
    • Le Triomphant SSBN (started 1989)

    • Amphibian Ships
    • Issole (1958)
    • EDIC class (1958)
    • Trieux class (1958)
    • Ouragan lass (1963)
    • Champlain lass (1973)
    • Bougainville (1986)
    • Foudre class (1988)
    • CDIC lass (1989)

    • Misc. ships
    • Le Fougueux class (1958)
    • La Combattante class (1964)
    • Trident class (1976)
    • L'Audacieuse class (1984)
    • Grebe class (1989)
    • Sirius class (1952)
    • Circe class (1972)
    • Eridan class (1979)
    • Vulcain class (1986)
    RCAN RCAN ☍ See the Page
    • HCMS Bonaventure (1957)
    • St Laurent class DDE (1951)
    • Algonquin class DDE (1952)
    • Restigouche class DDs (1954)
    • Mackenzie class DDs (1961)
    • Annapolis class DDH (1963)
    • Iroquois class DDH (1970)

    • River (mod) 1955
    • Tribal class FFs (Pjct)
    • City class DDH (1988)

    • Ojibwa class sub. (1964)
    • Kingston class MCFV (1995)
    Royal Navy Royal Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Cold War Aircraft Carriers
    • Centaur class (1947)
    • HMS Victorious (1957)
    • HMS Eagle (1946)
    • HMS Ark Royal (1950)
    • HMS Hermes (1953)
    • CVA-01 class (1966 project)
    • Invincible class (1977)

    • Cold War Cruisers
    • Tiger class (1945)

    • Destroyers
    • Daring class (1949)
    • 1953 design (project)
    • Cavendish class (1944)
    • Weapon class (1945)
    • Battle class (1945)
    • FADEP program (1946)
    • County class GMD (1959)
    • Bristol class GMD (1969)
    • Sheffield class GMD (1971)
    • Manchester class GMD (1980)
    • Type 43 GMD (1974)

    • British cold-war Frigates
    • Rapid class (1942)
    • Tenacious class (1941)
    • Whitby class (1954)
    • Blackwood class (1953)
    • Leopard class (1954)
    • Salisbury class (1953)
    • Tribal class (1959)
    • Rothesay class (1957)
    • Leander class (1961)
    • BB Leander class (1967)
    • HMS Mermaid (1966)
    • Amazon class (1971)
    • Broadsword class (1976)
    • Boxer class (1981)
    • Cornwall class (1985)
    • Duke class (1987)

    • British cold war Submarines
    • T (conv.) class (1944)
    • T (Stream) class (1945)
    • A (Mod.) class (1944)
    • Explorer class (1954)
    • Strickleback class (1954)
    • Porpoise class (1956)
    • Oberon class (1959)
    • HMS Dreanought SSN (1960)
    • Valiant class SSN (1963)
    • Resolution class SSBN (1966)
    • Swiftsure class SSN (1971)
    • Trafalgar class SSN (1981)
    • Upholder class (1986)
    • Vanguard class SSBN (started)

    • Assault ships
    • Fearless class (1963)
    • HMS Ocean (started)
    • Sir Lancelot LLS (1963)
    • Sir Galahad (1986)
    • Ardennes/Avon class (1976)
    • Brit. LCVPs (1963)
    • Brit. LCM(9) (1980)

    • Minesweepers/layers
    • Ton class (1952)
    • Ham class (1947)
    • Ley class (1952)
    • HMS Abdiel (1967)
    • HMS Wilton (1972)
    • Hunt class (1978)
    • Venturer class (1979)
    • River class (1983)
    • Sandown class (1988)

    • Misc. ships
    • HMS Argus ATS (1988)
    • Ford class SDF (1951)
    • Cormorant class (1985)
    • Kingfisger class (1974)
    • HMS Jura OPV (1975)
    • Island class OPVs (1976)
    • HMS Speedy PHDF (1979)
    • Castle class OPVs (1980)
    • Peacock class OPVs (1982)
    • MBT 538 class (1948)
    • Gay class FACs (1952)
    • Dark class FACs (1954)
    • Bold class FACs (1955)
    • Brave class FACs (1957)
    • Tenacity class PCs (1967)
    • Brave class FPCs (1969)
    Armada de espanola - Spanish cold war navy Spanish Armada ☍ See the Page
    • Dédalo aircraft carrier (1967)
    • Principe de Asturias (1982)

    • Alava class DDs (1946)
    • Audaz class DDs (1955)
    • Oquendo class DDs (1956)
    • Roger de Lauria class (1967)

    • Baleares class FFs (1971)
    • Descubierta class FFs (1978)
    • Numancia class FFs (1987)

    • Pizarro class gunboats (1944)
    • Artevida class Cvs (1952)
    • Serviola class Cvs (1990)
    • Spanish cold-war submarines
    • Spanish FACs
    • Spanish Minesweepers
    Svenska Marinen Svenska Marinen ☍ See the Page
    • Tre Kronor class (1946)
    • Öland class DDs (1945)
    • Halland class DDs (1952) (1945)
    • Ostergotland class DDs (1956)
    • Spica III class Corvettes (1984)
    • Goteborg class Corvettes (1989)

    • U1 class subs (mod.1963)
    • Hajen class subs (1954)
    • Sjoormen class subs (1967)
    • Nacken class subs (1978)
    • Vastergotland class subs (1986)
    • Gotland class subs (1995)

    • T32 class MTBs (1951)
    • T42 class MTBs (1955)
    • Plejad class FACs (1951)
    • Spica I class FACs (1966)
    • Spica II class FACs (1972)
    • Hugin class FACs (1973)
    • Swedish Patrol Boats
    • Swedish minesweepers
    • Swedish Icebreakers
    Taiwanese Navy Taiwanese Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
    • Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
    • Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
    • LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
    • Fuh Chow class FAC
    • Lung Chiang class FAC
    • Hai Ou class FAC(M)
    • MWW 50 class minehunters
    Turkish Navy Turkish Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Berk class FFs (1971)
    • Atilay class sub. (1974)
    • Cakabey class LST
    • Osman Gazi class LST
    • Turkish Fast Attack Crafts
    • Turkish Patrol Boats
    US Navy USN (cold war) ☍ See the Page

    ☯ ASIA

    Chinese Navy ☍ See the Page
    Indian Navy Indian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Vikrant class CVs (1961)
    • Viraat class CVs (1986)

    • Cruiser Delhi (1948)
    • Cruiser Mysore (1957)
    • Raja class DDs (1949)
    • Rajput class DDs (1980)
    • Delhi class DDs (1990)

    • Khukri class FFs (1956)
    • Talwar class FFs (1958)
    • Brahmaputra class FFs (1957)
    • Nilgiri class FFs (1968)
    • Godavari class FFs (1980)

    • Kusura class subs (1970)
    • Shishumar class subs (1984)
    • Sindhugosh class subs (1986)

    • Indian Amphibious ships
    • Indian corvettes (1969-90)
    • Khukri class corvettes (1989)
    • SDB Mk.2 class PBs (1977)
    • Vikram class OPVs (1979)
    • Sukanya class OPVs (1989)
    Indonesia Indonesian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Fatahilla class Frigates (1977)
    • Pattimura class corvettes (1956)
    • Indonesian Marines
    • Indonesian Mine Vessels
    • Indonesian FAC/OPVs
    JMSDF JMSDF ☍ See the Page
      JMSDF Destroyers
    • Harukaze class DD (1955)
    • Ayanami class DD (1957)
    • Murasame class DD (1958)
    • Akizuki class DD (1959)
    • Amatukaze missile DD (1963)
    • Yamagumo class DDE (1965)
    • Takatsuki class DD (1966)
    • Minegumo class DDE (1967)
    • Haruna class DDH (1971)
    • Tachikaze class DD (1974)
    • Shirane class DDH (1978)
    • Hatsuyuki class DDs (1980)
    • Hatakaze class DDs (1984)
    • Asigiri class DDs (1986)
    • Kongo class DDs (started 1990)

    • JMSDF Frigates
    • Akebono class FFs (1955)
    • Isuzu class FFs (1961)
    • Chikugo class FFs (1970)
    • Ishikari class FFs (1980)
    • Yubari class FFs (1982)
    • Abukuma class FFs (1988)

    • JMSDF submarines
    • Oyashio class Sub. (1959)
    • Hayashio class Sub. (1961)
    • Natsushio class Sub. (1963)
    • Oshio class Sub. (1964)
    • Uzushio class Sub. (1970)
    • Yushio class Sub. (1979)
    • Harushio class Sub. (1989)

    • JMSDF Misc. ships
    • Japanese Landing Ships
    • Japanese Large Patrol Ships
    • Japanese Patrol Crafts
    • Japanese Minesweepers
    • Japanese Sub-chasers
    North Korean Navy North Korean Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Najin class Frigates
    • Experimental Frigate Soho
    • Sariwan class Corvettes

    • Sinpo class subs.
    • Sang-O class subs.
    • Yono class subs.
    • Yugo class subs.

    • Hungnam class LCM
    • Hante class LST
    • Songjong class HVC
    • Sin Hung/Ku Song FACs
    • Anju class FACs
    • Iwon class FACs
    • Chaho class FACs
    • Hong Jin class FAC-G
    • Sohung class MTBs
    • Sinpo class MTBs
    • Nampo class FALC
    Philippines Navy Philippines Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Datu Kalantian class Frigates (1976)
    • Bacolod City class LS(L)
    • Philippino Patrol Crafts
    Rep. of Korea Navy ROKN ☍ See the Page
    • Ulsan class frigates (1980)
    • Pohang class corvettes (1984)
    • Dong Hae class corvettes (1982)
    • Han Kang class patrol corvettes (1985)
    • Chamsuri (PKM 268) PBs (1978)
    • ROKS coast guard vessels
    • Paek Ku class FAC (1975)
    • Kang Keong class minehunters (1986)
    Taiwanese Navy Taiwanese Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
    • Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
    • Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
    • LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
    • Fuh Chow class FAC
    • Lung Chiang class FAC
    • Hai Ou class FAC(M)
    • MWW 50 class minehunters

    ☪ MIDDLE EAST

    Israeli Navy IDF Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Eilat class Corvettes (1993)
    • SAAR 5 Project
    • SAAR 1 FAC
    • SAAR 4 FAC
    • SAAR 4.5 FAC
    • Dvora class FAC
    • Shimrit class MHFs
    • IDF FACs/PBs
    • Etzion Geber LST
    • Ash class LCT
    Iranian Navy Iranian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Destroyer Artemiz (1965)
    • Bayandor class FFs (1963)
    • Alvand class FFs (1969)
    • Khalije Fars class DDs (2016)*

    ♅ OCEANIA

    Australian Navy RAN ☍ See the Page
    • HMAS Sydney (1948*)
    • HMAS Melbourne (1955*)
    • Tobruk class DDs (1947)
    • Voyager class DDs (1952)
    • Perth class MDD (1963)
    • Quadrant class FFs (1953)
    • Yarra class FFs (1958)
    • Swan class FFs (1967)
    • Adelaide class MFFs (1978)
    • Anzac class MFFs (1990s)
    • Oxley class subs (1965)
    • Collins class subs (1990s)
    • Australian Amphibious ships
    • Fremantle class PBs
    RNZN Royal New Zealand Navy ☍ See the Page
    • HMNZS Royalist (1956)
    • Pukaki class patrol Crafts (1974)
    • Moa class patrol crafts (1983)
    • HMNZS Aotearoa (2019)*

    ☩ South America

    Armada de argentina Argentina ☍ See the Page
    • ARA Independencia (1958)
    • ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1968)
    • Belgrano class cruisers (1951)
    • Almirante Brown class Frigates (1981)
    • Mantilla class corvettes (1981)
    • Espora class corvettes (1982)
    • Salta class submarines (1972)
    • Santa Cruz class submarines (1982)
    Brazilian Navy Brazilian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Minas Gerais aircraft carrier (1956)
    • Cruiser Barroso (1951)
    • Cruiser Tamandare (1951)
    • Acre class destroyers (1945)
    • Niteroi class Frigates (1974)
    • Ihnauma class Frigate (1986)
    • Tupi class submarines (1987)
    • Brazilian patrol ships
    Chilean Navy Chilean Navy ☍ See the Page
    • O'Higgins class cruisers
    • Lattore Cruiser (1971)
    • Almirante class destroyers (1960)
    • Prat class M. Destroyers (1982)
    • Almirante Lynch class Frigates (1972)
    • Thomson class subs (1982)
    • Small surface combatants
    Peruvian Navy Peruvian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • Almirante Grau(ii) class
    • Almirante Grau(iii) class
    • Abtao class sub.
    • PR-72P class corvettes
    • Velarde class OPVs

    ℣ AFRICA

    Egyptian Navy Egyptian Navy ☍ See the Page
    • October class FAC/M (1975)
    • Ramadan class FAC/M (1979)
    SADF South African Navy ☍ See the Page
    ☫ Minor cold war/modern Navies Algerian NavyAzerbaijani NavyBangladesh NavyBarheini NavyBolivian NavyCambodian NavyComoros NavyCosta Rica NavyCroatian NavyCuban NavyDjibouti NavyDominican Republic NavyEquadorian NavyEstonian NavyEthiopian NavyFinnish NavyGeorgian NavyHaitian NavyHonduras NavyIcelandic NavyIraqi NavyJordanian NavyKuwaiti NavyLatvian NavyLebanese NavyLiberian NavyLibyan NavyLithuanian NavyMauritanian NavyMexican NavyMorrocan NavyNicaraguan NavyNorwegian NavyOmani NavyPakistani NavyParaguaian NavyQatari NavySan Salvador NavySaudi NavySerbian NavySingaporean NavySlovenian NavySomalian NavySudanese NavySyrian NavyThai NavyTunisian NavyUAE NavyUruguayan NavyVenezuelan NavyVietnamese NavyYemeni NavyZanzibar Navy

    ✚ MORE

    ⚔ Cold War Naval Events
    • ⚔ Indochina War naval ops
    • ⚔ Korean War naval ops
    • ⚔ 1956 intervention in Suez
    • ⚔ 1960 Cuban crisis
    • ⚔ 1960 US/Soviet compared strenghts
    • ⚔ 1963-69 Algerian war naval ops
    • ⚔ Naval warfare in Vietnam
    • ⚔ Middle East naval fights
    • ⚔ 1980 Falkland wars
    • ⚔ 1990 Gulf War
    ⚔ Modern Navies
    ✈ Cold War Naval Aviation See the full section
    Seaplanes
    • Grumman Mallard 1946
    • Edo OSE-1 1946
    • Short Solent 1946

    • de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver 1947
    • Grumman Albatross 1947
    • Hughes H-4 Hercules (completed & first flight, prototype)
    • Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1947 (jet fighter seaplane prototype)
    • Short Sealand 1947

    • Martin P5M Marlin 1948
    • Supermarine Seagull ASR-1 1948 (prototype successor to the Walrus)
    • Nord 1400 Noroit 1949
    • Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (interesting Norwegian prototype)
    • SNCASE SE-1210 French prototype flying boat 1949

    • Convair R3Y Tradewind USN patrol flying boat 1950
    • Goodyear Drake (proto seaboat) 1950
    • de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter 1951 (RCAN)
    • Saunders-Roe Princess 1952 (RN requisition possible)

    • Convair F2Y Sea Dart Prototype delta jet fighter seaplane 1953
    • Martin P6M SeaMaster strategic bomber flying boat 1955

    • Ikarus Kurir H 1957

    • Shin Meiwa UF-XS prototype 1962
    • Shin Meiwa PS-1 patrol flying boat 1967
    • Canadair CL-215 1967 water bomber, some operated by the RCAN
    • GAF Nomad patrol australian land/floatplane 1971
    • Harbin SH-5 Main PLAN patrol flying boat 1976
    • Cessna 208 Caravan transport flotplane (some navies) 1982
    • Dornier Seastar prototype 1984

    • Patrol Planes
    • ATR 42 MP Surveyor (Italy, 1984)
    • ATR 72 MP (Italy 1988)

    • ATR 72 ASW (France, 1988)
    • Breguet Atlantic (France 1965)
    • Nord 1402 Noroit (France 1949)

    • Avro Shackleton (UK 1949)
    • BAE Nimrod MRA4 (UK 2004)
    • Britten-Norman Defender/Islander (UK 1970)
    • Fairey Gannet (UK 1949)
    • Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod (UK 1967)

    • Beechcraft King Air (USA 1963)
    • Basler BT-67 (USA 1990)
    • Boeing 737 Surveiller (USA 1967)
    • Boeing P-8 Poseidon (USA 2009)
    • Lockheed P-2 Neptune (USA, 1945)
    • Lockheed P-3 Orion (USA 1959)
    • Martin P4M Mercator (USA 1946)
    • Convair P5Y (USA 1950)
    • Douglas/BSAS Turbo Dakota (USA 1991)

    • Bombardier DHC-8 MPA/MSA (Can 2007)
    • Canadair CP-107 Argus (Can 1957)

    • CASA C-212 MPA (Spain 1971)
    • CASA/IPTN CN-235 MPA/HC-144 Ocean Sentry (Spain 1983)
    • CASA C-295 MPA (Spain 1997)

    • Diamond DA42 Guardian (Austria 2002)

    • Dornier 228 (Germany 1981)

    • Embraer EMB 111 Bandeirante (Brazil 1968)
    • Embraer R-99 (Brazil 2001)
    • Embraer P-99 (Brazil 2003)

    • Fokker F27 200-MAR (NL 1955)
    • Fokker F27 Maritime Enforcer (NL 1955)

    • IAI 1124N Sea Scan (Israel 1977)

    • Kawasaki P-1 (Japan 2007)
    • Kawasaki P-2J (Japan 1966)

    • Saab Swordfish (Sweden 2016)
    • Shaanxi Y-8F,Q,X (China 1984)
    • Short Seavan (UK 1976)

    • Beriev Be-8 1947
    • Beriev Be-6 1949
    • Beriev R-1 turbojet prototype seaplane 1952
    • Beriev Be-10 1956
    • Beriev Be-12 Chaika 1960
    • Beriev Be-40/A-40 Albatross prototypes 1986
    • Chetverikov TA-1 1947
    • Ilyushin Il-38 'May' (USSR 1967)
    • Myasishchev 3M/3MD (USSR 1956)
    • Tupolev Tu-16T/PL/R/RM/SP (USSR 1952)
    • Tupolev Tu-95MR (USSR 1961)
    • Tupolev Tu-142 (USSR 1968)

    • Carrier Planes
      USN
    • Douglas A-3 Skywarrior
    • Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
    • Douglas A2D Skyshark
    • Douglas AD Skyraider
    • Douglas F3D Skynight
    • Douglas F4D Skyray
    • Grumman A-6 Intruder
    • Grumman AF Guardian
    • Grumman C-1 Trader
    • Grumman C-2 Greyhound
    • Grumman E-1 Tracer
    • Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
    • Grumman EA-6B Prowler
    • Grumman F-9 Cougar
    • Grumman F9F Panther
    • Grumman F-11 Tiger
    • Grumman F-14 Tomcat ➚
    • Grumman S-2 Tracker
    • Lockheed Martin F-35B
    • Lockheed S-3 Viking ➚
    • McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
    • McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk
    • McDonnell FH Phantom
    • McDonnell F2H Banshee
    • McDonnell F3H Demon
    • McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
    • McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
    • North American A-5 Vigilante
    • North American AJ Savage
    • North American FJ Fury
    • North American T-2 Buckeye
    • North American T-28 Trojan
    • Vought A-7 Corsair
    • Vought F-8 Crusader
    • Vought F6U Pirate
    • Vought F7U Cutlass
    • Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
    • Boeing EA-18G Growler
    • RN
    • Blackburn Buccaneer
    • Boulton Paul Sea Balliol
    • BAe Sea Harrier
    • de Havilland Sea Vampire
    • de Havilland Sea Venom
    • de Havilland Sea Vixen
    • Fairey Gannet
    • Hawker Sea Hawk
    • Short Seamew
    • Westland Wyvern
    • Marine Nationale
    • Breguet Alizé
    • Dassault Étendard IV
    • Dassault Super Étendard
    • Dassault Rafale M
    • Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr M
    • SNCASE Aquilon
    • Soviet Navy
    • Sukhoi Su-25UTG/UBP
    • Sukhoi Su-33
    • Yakovlev Yak-38

    Navy Helicopters
      Chinese PLAN:
    • Harbin Z-5 (1958)
    • Harbin Z-9 Haitun (1981)
    • Changhe Z-8 (1985)
    • Harbin Z-20 (in development)
    • Italy:
    • Agusta Bell AB-205 (1961)
    • Agusta Bell AB-212 (1971)
    • Agusta AS-61 (1968)
    • India:
    • Hal Dhruv (Indian Navy)
    • France:
    • Alouette II (1955)
    • Alouette III (1959)
    • Super Frelon (1965)

    • Cougar ()
    • Panther ()
    • Super Cougar H225M ()
    • Fennec ()
    • MH-65 Dolphin ()
    • UH-72 Lakota ()
    • Germany:
    • MBB Bo 105 (1967)
    • NHIndustries NH90
    • Japan:
    • Mitsubishi H-60 (1987)
    • Poland:
    • PZL W-3 Sokół (1979)
    • Romania:
    • IAR 330M (1975)
    • United Kingdom:
    • Westland Lynx (1971)
    • Westland Scout (1960) RAN
    • Westland Sea King (1969)
    • Westland Wasp (1962)
    • Westland Wessex (1958)
    • Westland Whirlwind (1953)
    • Westland WS-51 Dragonfly (1948)
    • USA:
    • Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH
    • Hiller ROE Rotorcycle (1956)
    • Piasecki HRP Rescuer (1945)
    • Bell UH-1N Twin Huey (1969)
    • SH-2 Seasprite (1959)
    • SH-2G Super Seasprite (1982)
    • CH-53 Sea Stallion (1966)
    • SH-60 Seahawk (1979)
    • Sikorsky S-61R (1959)
    • MH-53E Sea Dragon (1974)
    • ussr:
    • Kamov Ka 20 (1958)
    • Ka-25 "Hormone" (1960)
    • Ka-27 "Helix" (1973)
    • Ka-31 (1987)
    • Ka-35 (2015)
    • Ka-40 (1990)
    • Mil-Mi 2 (1949)
    • Mil Mi-4 (1952)
    Civilian ♆ WW1 US Shipping Board
    MORE !