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Bayern class battleships (1915)
SMS Bayern, Baden, Sachsen, Württemberg
Bayern class: The last German dreadnoughts
The battleship "Bayern" does not represents the culmination of the German Dreadnought, but at least its wartime epitaph. The very last projected German dreadnoughts were indeed the
"L20 alpha"
class, reaching almost 50,000 fully loaded, 26 knots, and with eight 16.5 in (42 cm) guns. The battlecruisers of the Mackensen class were the most advanced in construction, more than the Sachsen class, a modified Bayern design. There are integrated in this study for practicity as very close, near sister-ships.
Th Bayern were at least quite a major leap forward in design, eclipsing all previous classes of German dreadnoughts. Indeed, the previous class, the
Königs
, completed as late as in 1915, were still armed with 12-in guns (30.5 cm), as all their precedessors but the Nassau. This was a considerable issue explained by many factors, which clearly made on paper German battleships inferior in range and hitting power to their British counterparts. The Royal Navy had in its divisions the 13.5-in (343 mm) armed Orion, King Georges V and Iron Dukes. They made indeed the bulk of the RN (12 in all) when the König class was just getting started. German intel also new of a new class in construction since October 1912, one year after the start of the Königs, and they were all armed with 15-in guns (381 mm). This of course caused a lot of concerns with the German admiralty, understandably as their hitting power was almost double than 12-in shells. One response was improving the armour again, but admiral Tirpitz at the time was very aware that an appropriate answer was needed asap in gunnery also. That's what made the Bayern so special: They leapfrogged directly from the 12-in to the 15-in caliber !
Gunnery errand
In 1911, when the König class was started, all armed with the 30.5 cm/50 (12") SK L/50 which was quite an improvement over the Nassau's 28 xm, the admiralty was aware that no gun beyond 12-in was available in the works, but a 12.7 in (323 mm) which was basically a relined and reinforced 12-in as a stopgap measure. In fact, the fourth König authorized under the 1912 program was considered by naval command to be quipped with this 32.3 cm (12.7 in). The increase in weight would be offset by reducing the secondary battery with 12 cm (4.7 in) guns instead of 6-in. There was also a possible alternative, the 35 cm/45 (13.78") SK L/45 planned for the Mackensen class battlecruisers. Design started in 1914, but as the class was never completed, the thirteen produced ended on railways carriage for the western front. The 12.7-in caliber planned for the fourth König however never passed the drawing board stage. None was built.
The proposal was ultimately rejected for a sister-ship of 1911 vessels, in order to create a homogeneous four-ship division, mirroring the British ones. This allowed to simplify tactical command. The Kronprinz's diesel was dropped, never ready in time, for classic turbines, but was the first fitted was a larger tubular foremast to support a heavier, more capable fire direction top, later later retrofitted to the other members of the class and the Hindenburg, as well as the Bayern class. Meanwhile, work has started in 1913 on a much better proposition, a 38 cm/45 (14.96") SK L/45. This was retained for the genesis of the next dreadnoughts, specifically to counter the QE class.
Design development of the Bayern class
Design work for this new class began in fact way earlier than the British QE class was known about, as early as 1910. At the time indeed, the admiralty already envisioned for the König class an upgrade in artillery, as it had become clear that other navies moved away from the 12 in and larger guns were to be envisioned for the German Navy in the near future. In November 1909 indeed, the British laid down the HMS Orion, first of their "super dreadnoughts", armed with 13.5 inches guns.
If the Weapons Department suggested a 32 cm (13 in) gun to answer it, during a meeting on 11 May 1910, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt announced that budgetary constraints at that time precluded the adoption of anything else than the existing 12-in. The 1912 Agadir Crisis had Tirpitz surfing on the resulting public outcry over British involvement in it to have the Reichstag quicky appropriating funds for the Kaiserliches Marine. Tirpitz obtained that a 34 cm (13.4 in) gun design would be started in mid-1911.
In August 1911, the design staff was also asked to start studies of larger ordnance, a 35 cm (13.8 in), a 38 cm (15 in), and even a 40 cm (15.7 in) artillery piece, that would have given quite an advantage over the Royal Navy at the time. The 40 cm was defined as a possible maximum caliber as it was assumed that British wire-wound guns could not be larger. A meeting in September secured preferred designs, and one with ten 35 cm guns in five turrets was put on the table and dicusses, as well as a 40 cm guns, four turrets.
The Weapons Department wanted to puh forward the 35 cm gun design, stating that it had a 25% greater chance of hitting its target. Tirpitz on the other hand wanted to try a mixed battery of twin and triple turrets. After examining the gun turrets of the Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts of the
Tegetthoff class
, it was determined that triple gun turrets were problematic still so this option was dropped. Their increased weight as well as reduced ammunition supply, rate of fire, loss accuracy, abrupt loss of fighting capability if one was disabled, were all cited as arguments.
Still working on the 35 cm ship design, displacement was estimated around 29,000 t. Its cost was about 59.7 million marks. The 40 cm proposal was rated just as 60 million marks, but displaced even less, at 28,250 t, yet Tirpitz estimated they were both too expensive. The Construction Department then proposed a 28,100 t, eight 38 cm gun design, curtailing the overall cost to 57.5 million marks. This was adopted 26 September 1911 for the next design, but this meant studies made for previous guns might be redirected in this new compromise 38 cm caliber formally adopted on 6 January 1912.
The same year, design work progressed, while improvements in the armor layout were also studied to create a real difference with the König class. In addition, they were to be armed with eight 8.8 cm (3.5 in) anti-aircraft guns, a bold more given the state of aviation in 1912. Neverteless, this was reduced when completed to just two. Powerplant-wise, the admiralstaff still wanted to try the idea of diesel engines, but previous experiences showed, this time again, it was wiser to fit steam turbines again, hoping that over time a thord of fourth ship could adopt such powerplant, which would have given a much greater range. No reliable diesel engines existed either in 1913 ot even 1914 for that scale. They stuck to less demanding U-boats instead. Note that this German obsession for diesel power for battleships was never realized for any navy, but the concept was sound enough to see the light of day for smaller ships in the cold war, notably frigates and even destroyers thans to combined powerplants. Meanwhile in the USA, engineers wanted to go full electric.
Funding for the new battleships was allocated at last under the fourth Naval Law in 1912. This however only secured three new capital ships, two light cruisers, and salaries for 15,000 officers and men. Eventually the capital ships laid down that year were the
Derfflinger-class battlecruisers
. Bayern and Baden were funded only in 1913. Sachsen in 1914, Württemberg at last, in the War Estimates. As usual they went in pair with justified replacement for older pre-dreadnoughts, which in that case were the last Brandenburg-class pre-dreadnought SMS Wörth and the SMS Kaiser Friedrich III, Kaiser Wilhelm II and Kaiser Friedrich III.
Design
Italian plans of SMS Bayern, 1921, published in Rivista Marittima, IVth quarter.
src
.
In 1920-21, a British team make a thorough description of the largely intact SMS Baden, before testing her through and through, making her the best known German battleship. The result of these reports was condensed and published in "Engineering", March 18, 1921 in several plates up to page 335.
Reconstitution of Baden's design from the 1920-21 studies.
Bayern and Baden, with their very modern design perfectly embodied the future evolution of this type. Responding to British Queen Elizabeth, they have equivalent artillery caliber while being shorter by 49 feets (15 meters) but wider by 9.5 fts (three meters), they had the same displacement, slightly lower speed, but arguably a much better armour design, which was the point in German thinking. The QE on their side were almost designed as intermediary between dreadnoughts and battlecruisers, with speed in mind -Fisher obliges- their firepower somewhat compensating in that area. The Bayern's fire control system was similar to that of the
Hindenburg
but however much more advanced than the QE equivalent, attracting after the war great interest from the Royal Navy authorities in Scapa, where both were scuttled.
Hull and general design
SMS Bayern and Baden both had the same lenght at the waterline of 179.4 m (588 ft 7 in), but 180 m (590 ft 7 in) overall. The next Sachsen and Württemberg were two meters longer, but all four had the same beam, of just 30 m (98 ft 5 in). Draft for the first two was 9.3-9.4 m (30 ft 6 in-30 ft 10 in). Standard displacement as designed was calculated at 28,530 t (28,080 long tons) and fully loaded 32,200 t (31,700 long tons). The Sachsen pair were were slightly heavier. All four however has the same hull construction using transverse and longitudinal steel frames, with an outer hull made of reiveted plates. The underwater protection comprised 17 watertight compartments, a double bottom on 88% of the total length of the hull.
Crew as designed comprised 42 officers, 1,129 enlisted men but Baden, fitted as squadron flagship, carried in addition 14 officers and 86 sailors. Their small boat fleets, mostly located under the funnels amidships, comprised notably a single picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies.
Armor protection
Armor scheme view
The Bayern-class had arguably the best "classic" protective scheme so far of any German battleship, although it was still "pre-jutland". Krupp cemented steel armor all round, with an armor belt 350 mm (14 in) thick for the central citadel. It was covering also the ammunition magazines and the machinery spaces.
-The belt then tapered down to 200 mm (7.9 in) forward and 170 mm (6.7 in) aft of the barbettes, leaving the last sections ends unprotected. There was a 50 mm (2 in) torpedo bulkhead over the entire lenght behind the main belt.
The main armored deck was just 60 mm (2.4 in) thick, but up to 100 mm (3.9 in) over the magazines, machinery and steering room. Again, this was "pre-jutland".
-The
forward conning tower
(CT), had 400 mm (16 in) thick walls. The roof was 170 mm in thickness. The aft CT was much lighter, with 170 mm thick walls, 80 mm (3.1 in) thick armor plated roof.
-The
main battery gun turrets
had 350 mm thick faces and sides, 200 mm thick roofs.
-The 15 cm guns casemates were protected by 170 mm thick armor plated walls while behind there was enxtra shield, 80 mm thick to protect the crews from shell splinters.
Powerplant
SMS Bayern and Baden were planned with the standard, and properly German configuration of three shafts: The central one could be used to test different configurations (like a VTE) for economic cruise, and better range. However, since Germany took some advance in the design of diesels, it was hope to install one instead of a VTE. But the planned diesel, properly enormous and able to deliver the record power of 12,000 bhp, was still not ready in 1914, nor in 1915. It was postponed for the next Sachen but in the end, never ready before the war ended. Eventually, it was found wiser to give both ships the same three sets of Parsons turbines, driving three-bladed screws, 3.87 m (12.7 ft) in diameter.
Steam came from eleven coal-fired Schulz-Thornycroft boilers, plus three oil-fired Schulz-Thornycroft boilers, so mixed-heating, planed in nine separated boiler rooms. This powerplant was calculated to deliver and estimated output of 34,521 shaft horsepower (25,742 kW), at 265 revolutions per minute. On trials in 1916-17, both vessels in fact achieved the much greater output of 55,201 shp (41,163 kW) and 55,505 shp (41,390 kW) respectively, for a top speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).
They were designed to carry in peacetime 900 t (890 long tons) of coal, 200 t (200 long tons) of oil. In wartime, by filling all safety void spaces in the hull, this went largely up, at 3,400 t (3,300 long tons) of coal, 620 t (610 long tons) of oil, so basically more than triple. This enabled 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 12 knots, reduced at 4,485 nmi on the more sustained 15 knots and 3,740 nmi, 2,390 nmi at 17 and 21 knots respectively. Electrical output was alrso greater than previous ships, with no less than eight diesel generators to provide a total of 2,400 kilowatts combined, at 220 volts.
On trials, both vessels showed to be exceptional sea boats in all reports. They were were both very stable and very maneuverable, which was difficult to achieve together. They of course lost bled speed in heavy seas, but just slightly, and lost up to 62% speed with the rudders hard over, heeling over 7 degrees which was not bad overall. Their metacentric height was rather excellent at 2.53 m (8 ft 4 in), in fact larger than British Queen Elisabeth and Revenge, making them excellent, very stable gun platforms with a gentle, predictive motion, perfect for the conditions of the Baltic. All these were conformed later by the British long study of the Baden, just by calculating her hull shape and proportions.
Armament
Main: 4x2 38 cm SK L/45
Main armament, top view scheme
The Bayern class main battery comprised eight 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns. They were paired in four Drh LC/1913 turrets, a new pattern which allowed a depression/elevation of −8 + 16°. Reload however could only be done at 2.5°, which of course slowed down the rate of fire, of around one shell every 38 seconds, or less than 2 rpm. Gun mountings for Bayern were later modified, the barrels going up to 20° at a cost of a lower depression at −5°.
Maximum range initially at 16° was 20,250 m (66,440 ft). Later, Bayern's modified cradle authorizing 20° translated into 23,200 m (76,100 ft). All turrets were also fitted with their own stereo rangefinder. In total, 720 shells (90 per gun) were carried. They were in standard 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) AP shells, relatively light for this caliber, lighter than the British 16-in shells. They also carried less high explosive shells, in general only 1/3 of the total. At 20,000 m (66,000 ft), their AP shells was calculated (and tested) able to defeat up to 336 mm (13.2 in) of steel plate. Muzzle velocity was 805 meters per second (2,640 ft/s).
Post-war tests of these guns, conducted by British Royal Navy engineers in 1919-21 showed their readiness to fire after a 23 seconds process after firing, faster than British Queen Elizabeth class (36 seconds between salvos). Paradoxally, they found also German anti-flash precautions to be inferior of those practiced after Jutland. German brass propellant cases however proved safer, less susceptible to flash detonations.
Read more about the guns:
http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_15-45_skc13.php
Secondary: 16×15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45
The Bayern (and Sachsen) classes secondary battery comprised sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 quick-firing guns, all in armored casemates along the the side of the top deck, relatively high to avoid water spray. This was two more than for the König class. They were intended to deal against destroyers and torpedo boats. In total they carried for these a total of 2,240 shells, presumably all HE. These 45.3 kg (99.8 lb) shells used a separated 13.7 kg (31.2 lb) RPC/12 propellant charge, in a brass cartridge, avoiding flash detonations. Muzzle velocity was 835 meters per second (2,740 ft/s), rate of fire 5-7 rpm, practical mage range 13,500 m (44,300 ft) and after changes of cradles in 1916-17 at 16,800 m (55,100 ft). Barrel life was approximatively 1,400 shots.
Read more about the guns:
http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_59-45_skc16.php
Tertiary: 2×8,8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45
The Bayern class were originally design to also have just two light guns for dual/AA purpose. In 1914, aviation was not the threat it became in 1917. Therefore, from the two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 flak guns, masked and supplied with 800 rounds, six more were installed during the war on the battery deck, so eight total.
-MPL C/13 mountings (−10 +70° elevation)
-9 kg (19.8 lb) HE shell
-Ceiling 9,150 m (30,020 ft)/70°
Torpedoes: 2×60 cm (24 in) TTs
Unlike the previous König class, which had six 50 cm torpedo tubes, the Bayerns swapped onto a new caliber, 60 cm (24 in), on five submerged torpedo tubes: One in the bow, two on each broadside, none in the stern. Also, some 20 torpedoes were carried for reloads. "H" designated the 60 cm caliber and "G" the more standard 53 cm, "F" for airborne torpedoes. Technically "J" (70) and "M" (75 cm) also existed. Only J9 was planned in 1912-1915 but never entered service, able to reach 18 km (19,700 yds).
No doubt it inspired the Japanese to create their "long lance", at least in concept ater the war. The H8 was also used on the Mackensen, Lützow, Hindenburg, Cöln II and Dresden II class, and the destroyer S 113. Design started in 1912, and the H8 model entered in service in 1915, powered by a Brotherhood system wet-heater.
H8 type torpedoes: 8 m (315 ft) long, 210 kg (463 lb) Hexanite warhead.
Range 8,000 m (8,700 yd) at 35 knots, or 6000 at 36 kts, 15,000 m at 28 knots or 14,000 (15.310 yds) at 30 kts.
However after Jutland, where these capital ships torpedoes proved useless, Bayern and Baden struck mines in 1917 and this trigerred a structural overhaul which first consequence was to get rid of the torpedo tubes, rooms, removed and plated over, for extra protection instead.
Author's illustration of the Bayern class
conway's profile of the bayern, in 1916 and as modernized in 1918. Main changes are the added maintast and reduced foremast, better wireless telegraphic system, and extended bridge with now a new admiral bridgewrapped around the tripod base. In 1916 she already had eight 8,8 cm AA guns.
⚙ Specifications Bayern class
Dimensions
180 x 30 x 8.50 m (590 x 98 x 30 feets)
Displacement
28,530 tons standard, 32,200 tons Fully Loaded
Propulsion
3 shaft Parsons turbines, 14 Schulz-Thornycroft boilers, 35,000 shp
Speed
21 knots (39 km/h)
Range
5,000 nm (9300 km/5800 miles) @ 12 knots.
Armament
8 x 38cm (4x2), 16 x 15cm, 2 x 8,8 cm AA, 5 x 60 cm TTs.
Protection
Belt 350, Battery 170, Citadel 250, Turrets 350, Blockhaus 350, barbettes 300 mm
Crew
1271
Construction of the Bayern class (1913-1917)
-Bayern ("Bavaria") was regarded as a simple addition to the fleet, ordered under the provisional name "T". She was laid down as construction number 59 in Howaldtswerke, Kiel on 22 December 1913, launched on 18 February 1915 and completed on 15 July 1916.
-Baden (another ancient kingdom) was ordered as Ersatz Wörth (a replacement for the latter), as construction number 913 at Schichau-Werke in Danzig, on 20 December 1913. She was launched 30 October 1915 and only commissioned on 14 March 1917.
-Sachsen was ordered as Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III in Germaniawerft, Kiel as construction number 210 on 15 April 1914, launched on 21 November 1916 but never completed.
-Württemberg (Saxony province) was ordered as Ersatz Kaiser Wilhelm II at AG Vulcan, Hamburg as construction number 19 on 4 January 1915, launched at last on 20 June 1917, but also never completed.
Now let's study the war consequences on their construction time: It took fifteen month to launch for SMS Bayern, and 17 months to completion, for Baden 21 months to launch and 18 months to completion, and for Sachsen and Württemberg, 32 and 30 respectively or more than two years and several months for each. They were, also respectively however only nine and twelve month from completion.
To put it simply both were suspended when the war broke up, and work resumed afterwards, with a reduced workforce and materials. A classic scheme for every major warship construction project in wartime.
The Sachsen class (1916)
The incomplete Sachsen, still with all her decks complete and funnels in place, CT, barbettes, main turrets, casemates and part of the superstructure but no barrels, in 1918.
It's the appearance of the Queen Elisabeth class which prompted extensive modifications on the Sachsen, resulting in a sister class, classed as independent in most publications due to the amount of specificities. The German Navy started to begin construction for FY 1914 battleship "Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III", voted 1912 as replacement for the pre-dreadnought Kaiser Friedrich III. But the design staff at that stage were aware of the new Queen Elizabeth class high top speed. There was yet another attempt to fit a diesel engine, at least on her center propeller shaft, both as a reduced size power addition and main propulsion for economical cruise. This was envisioned earlier for the König but the diesels were never ready in time. It nevertheless added 200 t more in the displacement, required the engineers to lengthen the hull by 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in), in order to keep the draft intact (and therefore the verstical position of the armour belt). This allowed to refine the hull lines, improve hydrodynamics, which added to the new engine, increasing top speed as expected. Some historians like Dirk Nottellmann considered these changes alone were sufficient to make Sachsen and Württemberg, a sub-class.
Hull & general characteristics
SMS Sachsen and Wurttemberg had aboy the same increased dimensions: 181.8 m (596 ft 5 in) long at the waterline, 182.4 m (598 ft 5 in) overall for a beam of just 30 m (98 ft 5 in) and draft between 9.3 and 9.4 m (30 ft 6 in–30 ft 10 in aft). Calculated displacement was to be 28,800 metric tons standard as designed and unloaded. The fully loaded displacement was evaluated to be over 32,500 metric tons. The crew was comparable to the previous vessels, but greater, with 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men. The profile was very similar by the Conway's profile shows exactly the same appareance with perhaps taller funnels for a better air draft and an aft mainmast from the start, also supporting projectors platforms.
Powerplant
Sachsen and Württemberg were intended to be one knot faster than the earlier vessels, thanks to a slightly more powerful machinery (Württemberg) and finer hull lines. SMS Württemberg had the usual three shafts, with AEO-Vulcan geared steam turbines 47,343 shp (35,304 kW), for the calculated speed of 22 knots. Sachsen also had three shafts, but with a planned MAN diesel rated at 11,836 bhp (8,826 kW) on the center shaft, and Parsons steam turbines on the outer shafts. This choice caused concerns: The diesel engine was not ready still in 1918, but in 1919, captured and seized by the Naval Inter-Allied Control Commission. Also the Parsons were likely to be ordered to UK, unless licenced-built in Germany, also causing an abrupt end in 1914. All in all, this mixed powerplant was rated at 53,261 shp (39,717 kW) for 22.5 knots. Cruising range would have been calculated about 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 12 knots.
Revised armament
Both were planned to be armed with the same eight 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns, also arranged in four twin-gun turrets fore and aft in deck and superfiring pairs. The secondary armament comprised also sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns, but four 8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns instead of just two. They also were supposed to carry five 60 cm (23.6 in) torpedo tubes, all submerged and fixed in the bow and broadsides in pairs. Also, the guns that had been constructed for them, and never installed, were eventually recycled as heavy siege guns used on the Western Front and during WW2, coastal guns on the Atlantic wall, and railway guns on various fronts, called "Langer Max".
Revised Protection
SMS Sachsen's armor layout was modified as per the installation of the taller planned diesel engine. This meant that a glacis was added over the diesel, 200 mm thick (7.87 in) for its sides, 140 mm (5.5 in) on noth ends, 80 mm thick for the top plates (3.14 in). Sachsen's belt was modified, as she was exteded to 30 mm (1.2 in) past the forward 200 mm thick section, rather than northing at all like on the Bayerns.
Württemberg on the other hand a 170–350 mm (6.7–13.8 in) armoured belt, 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) thick armored deck, same 400 mm (15.7 in) forward conning tower, same plating for the main battery turrets (350 mm thick sides, 200 mm roofs) as other details of the casemates.
The incomplete Württemberg alongside SMS Prinz Eitel Friedrich (Macksensen class) in Hamburg in 1920.
Conway's Profile of the sachsen
⚙ Specifications Sachsen class
Dimensions
182.4 x 30 x 8.4 m (598 x 98 x 30 feets)
Displacement
28,800 tons standard, 32,500 tons Fully Loaded
Speed
22 knots (39 km/h)
Armament
8 x 38 cm (4x2), 16 x 15 cm, 4 x 8,8 cm AA, 5 x 60 cm TTs.
Crew
42 + 1129
The Bayern and Baden in action
Bayern and Baden were launched in 1915 but only entered served in July 1916 and March 1917, too late to participate in major naval operations, and moreover the important
Battle of Jutland
. Their career was rather uneventful. SMS Baden hit on a mine in the Gulf of Riga and was never repaired full until 1921, she only left to serve as a target. Bayern was interned in Scapa Flow and scuttled like the rest of the fleet in June 21, 1919.
SMS Bayern
Profile of SMS Bayern at sea
Bayern, Bundesarchiv, forward view
Salvage Bayern, Scapa Flow
Bayern in the Spithead, 1921
Drawing SMS Bayern October 1918
Markgraf and Bayern in the Firth of Forth, November 1918
SMS Bayern sinking in Scapa Flow
A long pre-commission workout
SMS Bayern emerged from Howaldtswerke, Kiel after fitting-out to be commissioned on 18 March 1916, so weeks before the Battle of Jutland. Her total cost has been 49 million Goldmarks, among the highest of any German ship ever. However she remained largely idle in port in April, with a limited crew and undergoing initial tests. These also included inclination tests, to see her response to controlled flooding. Her first trip at sea was on 15 April, for her proper trials and her first live fire tests for her brand new main battery. SMS Bayern made her full-power speed test on 25 April off Alsen island, until 2 May. Back home for fixes, she was at last declared ready for service on 15 July. By that time context had changed dramatically for the Hochseeflotte.
She joined the III Battle Squadron but was not pressed into exercizes as her new crew, coming from the decommissioned SMS Lothringen was given leave at that time. Her first commander was Kapitän zur See Max Hahn, and Ernst Lindemann (yes, that one, onboard Bismarck in May 1941) was back then a wireless operator on board. On 25 May 1916, while still in trials and training, she was visited by Ludwig III of Bavaria, last King of Bavaria. She became fleet flagship on 7-16 August.
August and October 1916 sorties
The Hochseeflotte was not completely inactive from Jutland up to the end of the war though:
Admiral Reinhard Scheer
wanted a fleet sortie in force on 18–19 August 1916, with the usual bait: A bombardment by I Scouting Group (battlecruisers), to draw out and destroy Beatty's own battlecruisers on a pre-positioned Hochseeflotte battle group. But by that time,
SMS Moltke
and
Von der Tann
were the only ones not in repairs or completion (like Hindenburg), so he decided to assign three modern dreadnoughts to their unit: SMS Bayern and the König-class SMS Markgraf and Grosser Kurfürst.
Scheer would then follow behind with the High Seas Fleet (15 dreadnoughts) in cover. This Ist Scouting Group had different speeds and needed familiarization exercises, starting on 15 August. Hipper reported the slow speed of the battleships to Scheer as an hinderance, while Hipper insisted them not to exceed a distance of 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) from the main fleet to avoid being cut off. Basically this was just beyond the maximal sighting abilities of British lookouts in pristine weather.
The fleet sorties on 18 August as planned, but the British were soon aware of it thanks to communications decoded by Room 40 and the Grand Fleet departed to meet them. At 14:35, on 19 August, Admiral Scheer had been warned of the the British by a picket ship, and turned his forces waya, retreating. It was found too risky so close to the battle of Jutland. But this was wildly criticized. There was another sortie into the North Sea on 18–20 October, but this time they met no British naval forces and just went back home. The High Seas Fleet was reorganized on 6 December 1916: SMS Bayern was made second, III Squadron, not outfitted as a squadron flagship.
Operation Albion
pic In early September 1917, as German troops managed to capture Riga, the German navy was assigned the task of completely evicting Russian naval forces in the Gulf of Riga to complete operations in thi sector. The Admiralstab wanted to seize Ösel Island and neutralize the Sworbe peninsula Russian batteries. On 18 September, a joint Army-Navy operation was planned, which also included Moon island, led by flagship SMS Moltke and the III Battle Squadron: Vth Division (Bayern, four König-class battleships), VIth Division (Kaiser-class battleships), accompanied by nine light cruisers, 3 torpedo boat flotillas, and a score of minesweepers to screen their way. This operation featired the largest fleet ever assembled in the Baltic so far, 300 ships, supported by over 100 aircraft, 6 zeppelins. In the gulf, the only force availanle on the Russian size was the old Russian pre-dreadnoughts
Slava
and
Tsesarevich
, and the armored cruisers
Bayan
, her sister ship Admiral Makarov, and
Diana
plus 26 destroyers, plus torpedo boats and gunboats. The garrison of Ösel however was a force 14,000 strong, with bunkers, trenchs, barb wire and fortified guns positions, plus numerous machine-guns nests.
The operation started on 12 October. Bayern, second in line behind Moltke, followed by the four Königs, placed on a broadside position, out of range of the suppose d lighe Russian guns to fire her main battery on Tagga Bay. The five Kaisers engaged on their side, the Sworbe peninsula's batteries. Both positions indeed defended the narrows between Moon and Dagö islands: This was the only escape for the Russian fleet in the gulf and only option to mopup the Russian anaval forces in this operation.
Bayern however soon struck a naval mine at 5:07 as she shifted position to Pamerort. The blast close to the bow killed a officer and six sailors. She was also flooded by 1,000 metric tons of seawater and plunged forward to 2 m (6.6 ft), but was still able to engage Cape Toffri's battery (south of Hiiumaa). She departed at 14:00 to be examined on 13 October, in Tagga Bay. Temporary repairs were not sufficient and she was sent back to Kiel for full repairs, that she joined in 19 days. This had her inoperative until 27 December 1917. Engineers took the occasion to get rid of her forward torpedo tube room, freeing the compartment and sealing the port turned into an additional watertight compartment. She also saw the addition of four 8.8 cm SK L/30 AA guns, making now a total of six. Meanwhile, operations saw the indecisive battle of the Gulf of Riga, with Slava and Bayan engaged and forced to withdrawn. The Operation was a success.
Last Operations (1918)
SMS Bayern was assigned to "security duties" in the North Sea, with a few sorties not far fro the shores, and far in between. Meanwhile, Scheer changed tactics, mobilizing his light surface forces to attack British convoys bound to Norway from early 1917. Ths trigerred the RN to commit battleships to the escort. This division allowed Scheer to destroy this detached squadron. Now feeling his communications had been intercepted in the past, her ordered strict wireless silence. Hipper's battlecruisers were sent to attack the convoy on 23 April, while the High Seas Fleet was placed in distant cover as usual.
On 22 April, Bayern with the fleet assembled at Schillig Roads (Wilhelmshaven) departing at 06:00 and mking their way in heavy fog which delayed them, remaining inside their defensive minefields. Hipper's couting force arrived 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) west of Egerö (Norway) on 24 April, the expected convoy route but due to faulty intelligence from U-boats he completely missed the convoy and had to fold down. In addition Moltke lost a propeller, further weakining his force, and forcing to break radio silence, which of course prompted the Royal Navy into action, Beatty soon at sea with 31 battleships, four battlecruisers. Moltke was later torpedoed by E42 underway. This was basically the last active sortie of Bayern.
Fate of Bayern
SMS Bayern Illustration in Scapa Flow
from 23 September to early October, SMS Bayern became flagship of III Squadron (Vizeadmiral Hugo Kraft). She was mobilize in Octoer for the famous "death ride", last planned sortie in force of the High Seas Fleet as the end was near, to openly engage the British Grand Fleet in a last stand for honour. Scheer, Großadmiral wanted to inflict maximal damage in order to gain a more favorable bargaining position to Germany in the future peace negociations, but this plan backfired: Disgruntled and war-weary sailors, influenced by revolutionary spitit in Berlin, started to desert, riot and mutiny in numerous ship.
On 24 October 1918 as order was given to join Wilhelmshaven, on 29 October ships of III Squadron saw crew refusing to weigh anchor, sabotages on Thüringen and Helgoland. On Bayern however the crew seemed mostly loayal, but the whole operation was cancelled and the III Squadron, was sent back to Kiel, to await her fate. After the capitulation of November 1918, the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sailed out to be interned in Scapa Flow, under a massive allied escort. SMS Bayern was listed among these, departing on 21 November 1918.
She would remain in captivity during negotiations. On 21 June, Von reuter, having sent back already large portions of his most troublesome sailors, saw the deadline to sign the treaty and a providential British fleet sortie for training maneuvers as an opportunity to order a general scuttling. Bayern sank at 14:30 that day. She gently settled on the bottom, but with a considerable list, mostly emerging. She would be only raised on 1 September 1934, BU in 1935 in Rosyth. Her bell is now in Bundesmarine's Kiel Fördeklub.
SMS Baden
Prow SMS Baden underway 1917
SMS Baden was not completed at Schichau-Werke dockyard, Danzig soon after 30 October 1915. Indeed, the war crippled the workforce and starved the yard from resources, redirected elsewhere. Delays amounted as in addition, the surprisingly fast initial Russian advance into East Prussia threatened directly the shipyards. It was only with the Battle of Tannenberg that it was stopped. Work resumed but low on the list compared to the completion of SMS Lützow and the ex-Russian light cruisers Elbing and Pillau to be pressed into German service.
Early service 1916-1918
SMS Baden was at least ready for sea trials by 19 October 1916, long after Jutland. Further tests and balic training went on from December 1916 and January 1917 before she was officially commissioned on 14 March. Meanwhile her near sister-ships Sachsen and Württemberg laid incomplete in their respective yards until November 1918. Her first captain, Victor Harder, came from SMS Lützow, recently completed and sunk at Jutland, as well as her crew. Baden became flagship, fleet Commander (Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper) until the end of the war. This was helped by the fact she has been completed with flagship facilities unlike her sister, traduced notably with new accomodations and a distinctive two-decked bridge. There was nothing much to do but training the following months, without notable event.
By late August 1917, Baden carried Kaiser Wilhelm II in a visit to the garrison of the fortified island of Helgoland, escorted by Derfflinger, Emden (ii) and Karlsruhe. She brought him back to Cuxhaven, but while doing so, struck the sea bottom. No visible damage was was later seen so she resumed activity. She was not present, contrary to her sister, in
Operation Albion
in the Gulf of Riga. She remained idle until early 1918, to the relief of a growingly frustrated crew.
The 23 April 1918 Sortie
In late 1917 already a new tactic emerge, to prey on British convoys to Norway, and oblige the RN to sent escorting capital ships, a bite-size portion of the Grand Fleet that can be destroyed by the Hochseeflotte. On 17 October, Brummer and Bremse intercepted one of such convoys, sinking nine of twelve and two escorting destroyers. This caused a stir in Britain and on 12 December, four German destroyers made shot work of another convoy of five cargo vessels and two British destroyers, sinking all cargoes and of the letter.
Admiral David Beatty was ordered to detach capital ships as planned, so Hipper prepared for a sortie the Ist Scouting Group battelcruisers, reinforced by capital ships like Bayern. The rest of the High Seas Fleet was in stand by on 23 April 1918, in the Schillig roadstead. Admital Hipper had his mark, as usual, aboard Baden and ordered no wireless transmissions to achieve surprise; Later Moltke lost her inner starboard propeller and had to return back, when later when Hipper arrived, he learnt that U-boat intel has been wrong. There was nothing on the convoy route... planned that day. He just had to fold down back to Germany.
On 24 May, SMS Baden again steamed to Helgoland, bringing the new commander in chief of the fleet, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, accompanied by Grand Duke Friedrich von Baden (namesake of the battleship), to visit the fortified island in turn. She was escorted by SMS Karlsruhe. In August 1918, SMS Baden was in drydock maintenance, until Hipper replaced Scheer again at the head of the fleet. Badend maintenance was over on 24 August, and prepared for the last ever major training fleet exercise, on 6 September.
The "doomsday sortie" and Scapa Flow
SMS Frankfurt and Baden, scuttled, 21 June 1919
SMS Baden was the centerpiece in October 1918 of the last ever planned sortie of the German Navy. It was to be committed an a final major action, a straithforward push to meet the Royal Navy, in part to quell the growing frustration of the crews, seeing inaction for too long, but mostly to try to cripple the RN, hoping to gain a better bargaining chip for future probable peace negociations. It was launched a few days before the armistice but the "crew factor" has not be acertained correctly, and the project massively backfired on the German staff.
War-weary sailors did not shared this final "for honor" stand, and on 29 October 1918, the gathering at Jade roadstead, saw, especially in the night of 29 October, widespread mutinies on many ships. On the 30th for example, the one started on Thüringen extended on Helgoland, just behind Thüringen, until forced to surrender by two loyalist torpedo boats, the crew later taken ashore and incarcerated. Officers noted the mood abord Baden as "dangerous". Event soon went further as on 3 November, about 20,000 sailors, joined to dock workers and civilians took up arms and attempted free the jailed mutineers. On 9 November, a Socialist red flag was hoisted aboard SMS Baden. At that point, Hipper and Scheer abandoned all hopes for their sortie.
SMS Baden was not cited in the list of ships to be interned during the discussions of the Armistice. She was however substituted for the the incomplete Mackensen, which could not sail. She was not part of the High Seas Fleet departure to Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918 but remained in Germany until 7 January 1919. On arrival, Von Reuter had most of her crew taken off on SMS Regensburg, back to Germany. He knew the crew's mood and wanted to have reduced, but loyal men under his orders to prepare for all eventuality.
The Royal Navy inspected SMS Baden tow days after her arrival. They hoped to find valuable equipments but found none of the technical and gunnery equipments, all removed before departure. There was therefore no chance for the vessels to commit uinto battle, because of this and the reduced crews, which only left the option of scuttling, prepared for months by Reuter with his officers. Negotiations in Versailles which would decide the fate of the fleet were ongoing and Reuter knew he would never allow his ships to fall into the entente's hands as war reparations as planned.
Closeup SMS Baden 21 June 1919
New arrived often after days, noytably copies of The Times, so Rear Admiral von Reuter was left in the ignorance of new developments in Paris. He only knew in June, that the armistice was about to end at noon on 21 June 1919, a deadline to sign that also meant his ships would be probaby seized soon after. Von Reuter hoped to see the British fleet leaving Scapa Flow for exercizes at sea, which eventually happened precisely the very day of the deadline, to the amazement of his staff. Little he knew the deadline has been postponed to the 23th. Nevertheless, at 11:20 her ordered a general scuttling, which was promptly made.
Some men from Baden were helped unload a supply ship this morning far from their ship, and were were unavailable to open seacocks, while the remaining skeleton crew was insufficient for this, until man ashore returned. This made SMS Baden the last major warship of the Germany Navy to scuttle herself. Meanwhile, British forces remaining in the harbor managed to secure her, cutting her anchor chains. She derived and ran aground before sinking in deeper water, and soon, Lieutenant Commander Bruce Fraser led an armed party onboard Baden, visibly furious about the event. They managed to prevent firther actions at gunpoint. Therefore Baden was not successfully sunk and therefore she was also quickly refloated, on 19 July 1919, towed to Invergordon base.
Inspected by British Royal Engineers (1919-1921)
Baden inspected by Royal Engineers in 1919
A new strange career started for Baden "under british flag" - in fact she was never recommissioned, nor named, just used as an anonymous hulk for testing purposes. After she arrived in Invergordon with a British crew, SMS Baden was carefully examined by Royal Navy technicians, teams of Royal naval engineers inspected for weeks, months on end, in tunovers and living onboard, so inspect at first her hull in drydock, in great detail, taking measurements and detailed notes of her screws, bilge keels, rudders, to get a picture of her hydrodynamic properties and overall water resistance. They estimated her hull shape at least as good as the British Revenge-class battleships.
The armor system was aso thoroughly examined, as of utmost importance. Indeed that part was considered at the time "top secret" for any navy. The investigation took weeks and would generate a considerable literrature. The main conclusion however, was that the design did not incorporated any lessons from the battle of Jutland. Which was true and evident as their completion was far too advanced for this at the time. Also scrutinzed were detailed of her watertight bulkhead and underwater protection systems. The teams tried pumping and counter-flooding equipment, showing they worked quite well and efficiently.
Also examined in detail were Baden's main battery turrets, location and working of the ammunition magazines. The tech team went so far as making the whole loading process live test, noting notably how fast the magazines could be flooded (in 12 minutes as it happened). The gunnery school HMS Excellent arrived too to process to complete loading trials, and noted an average 23 seconds, at their amazement. Indeed the RN also prided herself for their record-loading (which cost Beatty dearly at Jutland), but still Baden can load a shell 13 seconds faster than on the
Queen Elizabeth class
battleships, using the same caliber.
Overall, Commander W M Phipps Hornby, which lived on board Baden for weeks, told in 1969 naval historian Arthur Marder that his own opinion was that he considered the German design overall "markedly in advance of any comparable ship of the Royal Navy". Once the inspection complete, the admiralty decided to naturally convert the battleship into a gunnery target.
No option was ever given to press her into British service at the time: First, every scripture were to be converted, ammunitions standards were different, parts were unavailable, a special training was required, and the ship was alone, so not to be integrated in the usual five-battleships divisions the RN was accustomed to. The overall picture was that she was more valuable to perform a last telling test instead: Live firing.
In January 1921, after some preparations to more easily locate damage, she was fired upon by HMS Excellent, using the latest armor-piercing (AP) shells developed after Jutland. This was to determine the most efficient ratio of explosives in the detonator caps, as the pre-Jutland shalled tended to fragment when striking heavy armor, not penetrate. The monitor HMS Terror was moored just 500 yd (460 m) away to test point-blank fire with her own 15 in (38 cm) guns and these new shells.
Baden at anchor as target ship 1921
Baden listing as a target ship, 1921
After standard straight trajectories, engineers created an artificial list for Baden by removing of coal and armor from the port side (towards the monitor) so that she would met the shells at an angle (parabolic fire). They also removed when moored, her forward-most gun turret. Terror fired 17 times, testing various ammunitions on Baden. Conclusion was that the new shells were good eneough to penetrate her heavy armor, much more effective as expected than previous models. Heavy seas after the tests caused Baden to sink in shallow waters and teams worked for three months to have her relfoated, towed in drydock and repaired for more service. She was prepared for a second round of testing in August 1921. Meanwhile discussions for the Washington treaty went on, and she was excluded from the talks as a "target ship", partially demlitarize, through she still was armed and protected as a regular battleship.
The second test round was to take place from 16 August 1921, with this time the monitor HMS Erebus. The latter fired again several shell types, all 15 inches (381 mm). They seemed not to perform however that well, as one failed to explode and two semi-armor piercing models (SAP) shattered on impact. This was not limited to ship to ship tests: To simulate planes dropping bombs, six aerial bombs were placed on board, nose against deck on derricks and detonated remotely. They did little damage, unlike Mitchell's tests in USA (again against a German battleship).
Probably the most important finding was that Baden's 7-inch (18 cm) medium armor was easily penetrated by large-caliber shells. From there, the British adopted the US approach of "all or nothing" armor, also from the US. It weight much in their design of the G3 class and Nelsons. They were to receive extremely heavy armor or nothing at all. After the second serie was over, it was decided that Baden was not to be kept, and she was scuttled, in Hurd Deep, under 180 m (600 ft) where she could not cause any threat for maritime trade.
Sources
Bayern colorized by hirootoko JR
Books
Conway's all the world fighting ships 1906-1921
Bennett, Geoffrey (2005). Naval Battles of the First World War. Pen & Sword Military Classics.
Brown, David Keith (2006) [2000]. Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development, 1923–1945.
Butler, Daniel Allen (2006). Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in WW1.
Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918, Seaforth Publishing
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One... An Illustrated Directory.
Goodall, Stanley Vernon (1921). "The Ex-German Battleship Baden". Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918, Bernard & Graefe Verlag
Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels.
Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Humanity Books.
Humble, Richard (1983). Fraser of North Cape: The Life of Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fraser, 1887–1981
Marder, Arthur J. (1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Volume 5 1918–1919: Victory and Aftermath.
Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel. New York: Ballantine Books.
New York Times Co. (1919). The New York Times Current History: Jan.–March, 1919.
Nottelmann, Dirk (December 2019). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy, 1864–1918
Schleihauf, William (2007). "The Baden Trials". In Preston, Anthony (ed.). Warship 2007. Annapolis
Schwartz, Stephen (1986). Brotherhood of the Sea: A History of the Sailors' Union of the Pacific, 1885–1985.
Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. Oxford: Osprey Books.
Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918. Vol. 2: Kaiser, König And Bayern Classes. Osprey
Tarrant, V. E. (2001) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
Links
On www.sms-navy.com
German naval guns on navweaps.com
On dreadnoughtproject.org
German battleships (generic)
On jstor.org "From ironclads to dreadnoughts development of the german navy 1864-1918
The Bayern class on www.worldnavalships
Plans on virtualdockyard.co.uk
navistory
German WWI torpedo tubes
wiki
The model's corner
Byern query on scalemates
Same for baden
Combrig 1:700 on northstarmodels
1/350 from Combrig on modelshipgallery.com
Baden 1917 by Bernt Villhauer, 1/700 Combrig
Bayern 1:350 Kombrig resin kit on berliner zinnfiguren
Baden 1917 1:250 by HMV on papermodel.com.au
The Battleship SMS Baden Paperback – Illustrated, 30 April 2016, Kagero Pub., Luke Millis
1/250 cardboard model
3D rendition on deviantart
3D renditions (world of warships)
WoW' renditions of the Bayern
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❢ Abbreviations & acronyms
AA
Anti-Aircraft
AAW
// warfare
AAS
Amphibious Assault Ship
Adm
Admiral
AEW
Airbone early warning
AG
Air Group
AFV
Armored Fighting Vehicle
AMGB
armoured motor gunboat
AP
Armor Piercing
APC
Armored Personal Carrier
AS
Antisubmarine
ASM
Air-to-surface Missile
ASMD
Anti Ship Missile Defence
ASROC
ASW Rockets
ASW
Anti Submarine Warfare
ASWRL
ASW Rocket Launcher
ATW
ahead thrown weapon
avgas
Aviation Gasoline
aw
Above Waterline
AWACS
Airborne warning & control system
BB
Battleship
bhp
brake horsepower
BL
Breach-loader (gun)
BLR
Breach-loading, Rifled (gun)
BU
Broken Up
c
circa
CA
Armoured/Heavy cruiser
Capt.
Captain
Cal
Caliber or ".php"
CG
Missile Cruiser
CIC
Combat Information Center
C-in-C
Commander in Chief
CIWS
Close-in weapon system
CE
Compound Expansion (engine)
Ch
Chantiers ("Yard", FR)
CL
Cruiser, Light
cm
centimeter(s)
CMB
Coastal Motor Boat
CMS
Coastal Minesweeper
CNO
Chief of Naval Operations
Cp
Compound (armor)
Co
Company
COB
Compound Overhad Beam
CODAG
Combined Diesel & Gas
CODOG
Combined Diesel/Gas
COGAG
Combined Gas and Gas
COGOG
Combined Gas/Gas
comm
commissioned
comp
completed
conv
converted
convl
conventional
COSAG
Combined Steam & Gas
CR
Compound Reciprocating
CRCR
Same, connecting rod
CruDiv
Cruiser Division
CP
Controlled Pitch
CT
Conning Tower
CTL
constructive total loss
CTOL
Conv. Take off & landing
CTp
Compound Trunk
cu
cubic
Cyl
Cylinder(s)
CV
Aircraft Carrier
CVA
// Attack
CVE
// Escort
CVL
// Light
CVS
// ASW support
cwt
Hundredweight
DA
Direct Action
DASH
Drone ASW Helicopter
DC
Depht Charge
DCT
// Track
DCR
// Rack
DCT
// Thrower
DD
Destroyer/drydock
DE
Double Expansion
DE
Destroyer Escort
DDE
// Converted
DesRon
Destroyer Squadron
DF
Double Flux
D/F
Direction(finding)
DP
Dual Purpose
DUKW
Amphibious truck
DyD
Dockyard
EOC
Elswick Ordnance Co.
ECM
Electronic Warfare
ESM
Electronic support measure
F
Farenheit
FCS
Fire Control System
FF
Frigate
fps
Feet Per Second
ft
Feets
FY
Fiscal Year
gal
gallons
GM
Metacentric Height
GPMG
General Purpose Machine-gun
GRP
Fiberglass
GRT
Gross Tonnage
GUPPY
Greater Underwater Prop.Pow.
HA
High Angle
HC
Horizontal Compound
HCR
// Reciprocating
HCDA
// Direct Acting
HCDCR
// connecting rod
HDA
// direct acting
HDAC
// acting compound
HDAG
// acting geared
HDAR
// acting reciprocating
HDML
Harbor def. Motor Launch
H/F
High Frequency
HF/DF
// Directional Finding
HMS
Her Majesty Ship
HN
Harvey Nickel
HNC
Horizontal non-condensing hp
HP
High Pressure
hp
horizontal
HQ
Headquarter
HR
Horizontal reciprocating
HRCR
// connecting rod
HS
Harbor Service
HS(E)
Horizontal single (expansion)
HSET
// trunk
HT
Horizontal trunk
HTE
// expansion
IC
Inverted Compound
IDA
Inverted direct acting
IFF
Identification Friend or Foe
ihp
indicated horsepower
IMF
Inshore Minesweeper
in
Inche(s)
irc
ironclad
KC
Krupp, cemented
kg
Kilogram
KNC
// non cemented
km
Kilometer
kt(s)
Knot(s)
kw
kilowatt
ib
pound(s)
LA
Low Angle
LC
Landing Craft
LCA
// Assault
LCAC
// Air Cushion
LFC
// Flak (AA)
LCG
// Gunboat
LCG(L)
/// Large
LCG(M)
/// Medium
LCG(S)
/// Small
LCI
// Infantry
LCM
// Mechanized
LCP
// Personel
LCP(R)
/// Rocket
LCS
// Support
LCT
// Tanks
LCV
// Vehicles
LCVP
/// Personal
LCU
// Utility
loco
locomotive (boiler)
LSC
Landing ship, support
LSD
// Dock
LSF
// Fighter (direction)
LSM
// Medium
LSS
// Stern chute
LST
// Tank
LSV
// Vehicle
LP
low pressure
lwl
lenght waterline
m
metre(s)
M
Model
MA/SB
motor AS boat
max
maximum
MG
Machine Gun
MGB
Motor Gunboat
MLS
Minelayer/Sweeper
ML
Motor Launch
MMS
Motor Minesweper
MT
Military Transport
MTB
Motor Torpedo Boat
HMG
Heavy Machine Gun
MCM(V)
Mine countermeasure Vessel
min
minute(s)
Mk
Mark
ML
Muzzle loading
MLR
// rifled
MSO
Ocean Minesweeper
mm
millimetre
NC
non condensing
nhp
nominal horsepower
nm
Nautical miles
N°
Number
NBC/ABC
Nuc. Bact. Nuclear
NS
Nickel steel
NTDS
Nav.Tactical Def.System
NyD
Naval Yard
oa
Overall
OPV
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PC
Patrol Craft
PDMS
Point Defence Missile System
pdr
pounder
pp
perpendicular
psi
pounds per square inch
PVDS
Propelled variable-depth sonar
QF
Quick Fire
QFC
// converted
RAdm
Rear Admiral
RC
Radio-control/led
RCR
return connecting rod
rec
Rectangular
rev
Revolver
RF
Rapid Fire
RPC
Remote Control
rpg
Round per gun
SAM
Surface to air Missile
SAR
Search Air Rescue
sb
Smoothbore
SB
Ship Builder
SC
Sub-chaser (hunter)
SSBN
Ballistic Missile sub.Nuclear
SE
Simple Expansion
SET
// trunk
SG
Steeple-geared
shp
Shaft horsepower
SH
simple horizontal
SOSUS
Sound Surv. System
SPR
simple pressure horiz.
sq
square
SS
Submarine (Conv.)
SSM
Surface-surface Missile
sub
submerged
sf
steam frigate
SLBM
Sub.Launched Ballistic Missile
spf
steam paddle frigate
STOVL
Short Take off/landing
SUBROC
Sub.Fired ASW Rocket
t
ton, long (short in bracket)
TACAN
Tactical Air Nav.
TB
Torpedo Boat
TBD
// destroyer
TC
Torpedo carriage
TE
Triple expansion
TER
// reciprocating
TF
Task Force
TGB
Torpedo gunboat
TG
Task Group
TL
Torpedo launcher
TLC
// carriage
TNT
Trinitroluene
TS
Training Ship
TT
Torpedo Tube
UDT
Underwater Demolition Team
UHF
Ultra High Frequency
Vadm
Vice Admiral
VC
Vertical compound
VCE
// expansion
VDE
/ double expansion
VDS
Variable Depth Sonar
VIC
/ inverted compound
VLF
Very Low Frequency
VQL
/ quadruple expansion
VSTOL
Vertical/short take off/landing
VTE
/ triple expansion
VTOL
Vertical take off/landing
VSE
/ Simple Expansion
wks
Works
wl
waterline
WT
Wireless Telegraphy
x
number of
Yd
Yard
Organizations
GIUK
Greenland-Iceland-UK
BuShips
Bureau of Ships
DBM
German Navy League
GB
Great Britain
DNC
Directorate of Naval Construction
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
FAA
Fleet Air Arm
FNFL
Free French Navy
JMSDF
Jap.Mar.Self-Def.Force
MDAP
Mutual Def.Assistance Prog.
MSA
Maritime Safety Agency
NATO
RAF
Royal Air Force
RAN
Royal Australian Navy
RCN
Royal Canadian Navy
R&D
Research & Development
RN
Royal Navy
RNZN
Royal New Zealand Navy
ussr
Union of Socialist Republics
UE/EEC
European Union/Comunity
UN
United Nations Org.
USN
United States Navy
WaPac
Warsaw Pact
⛶ Pre-Industrial Eras
☀ Introduction
☀ Neolithic to bronze age
⚚ Antique
⚜ Medieval
⚜ Renaissance
⚜ Enlightenment
⚔ Naval Battles
⚔ Pre-Industrial Battles
☍ See the page
Salamis
Cape Ecnomus
Actium
Red Cliffs
Battle of the Masts
Yamen
Lake Poyang
Lepanto
Vyborg Bay
Svensksund
Trafalgar
Sinope
⚔ Industrial Era Battles
☍ See the page
Crimean War 1855
Boshin war 1860s
US Civil War 1861-65
US Civil War 1861-65
Lissa 1866
Yalu 1894
The 1898 war
Santiago July 1898
Manila June 1898
Tsushima
⚔ WW1 Naval Battles
☍ See the Page
Elli & Lemnos (1912-13)
Königin Luise attack (1914)
Souchon Escape (1914)
Antivari (1914)
Heligoland (1914)
Odensholm (1914)
Tsingtao (1914)
Cape Sarytch (1914)
Coronel (1914)
Falklands (1914)
Gotland (1915)
Emden's Odyssey (1915)
Lake Tanganyika (1915)
Dardanelles (1915)
Lusitania (1915)
Adriatic (1915-18)
Dover Strait (1916-17)
Jutland (1916)
Moon Island (1917)
Otranto Strait (1917)
Heligoland (1917)
Imbros (1918)
Zeebruge raid (1918)
Scuttling of the Hochseeflotte (1919)
⚔ WW2 Naval Battles
☍ See the Page
Dunkirk, May 1940
Operation Vado 13 June 1940
Battle of Hanko July 1941
Battle of the Atlantic
Malta Invasion
Midway 4-7 June 1942
US Amphibious Ops
British amphibious Ops
Operation Torch
Operation Husky
Operation Baytown
Operation Avalanche
Operation Shingle
Operation Overlord
Operation Anvil Dragoon
Operation Watchover
Goodenough Island Battle
Operation Cleanslate
Operation Toenails
Makin Campaign
Operation Galvanic
Operation Flintlock
Operation Catchpole
Operation Forager
Operation Detachment
Operation Iceberg
Operation Downfall
⚔ Crimean War
Austrian Navy
☍ See the page
SMS Kaiser
Radetzky class
Erzherzog Friedrich class
Novara class
French Navy
☍ See the page
Screw Ships of the Line
Navarin class (1854)
Duquesne class (1853)
Fleurus class (1853)
Montebello (1852)
Austerlitz (1852)
Jean Bart (1852)
Charlemagne (1851)
Napoleon (1850)
Sailing Ships of the Line
Valmy (1847)
Ocean class (1805)
Hercules class (1836)
Iéna class (1814)
Jupiter (1831)
Duperré (1840)
Screw Frigates
Pomone (1845)
Isly (1849)
Bellone (1853)
D’Assas class (1854)
Screw Corvettes
Primauguet class (1852)
Roland (1850)
Royal Navy
☍ See the page
Duke of Wellington
Conqueror (1855)
Marlborough (1855)
Royal Albert (1854)
St Jean D’Acre (1853)
Waterloo (1833
Sailing ships of the Line
Sailing Frigates
Sailing Corvettes
Screw two deckers
Screw frigates
Screw Corvettes
Screw guard ships
Paddle frigates
Paddle corvettes
Screw sloops
Paddle sloops
Screw gunboats
Brigs
⚑ 1870 Fleets
Armada Espanola
☍ See the Page
Numancia (1863)
Tetuan (1863)
Vitoria (1865)
Arapiles (1864)
Zaragosa (1867)
Sagunto (1869)
Mendez Nunez (1869)
Spanish wooden s. frigates (1861-65)
Frigate Tornado (1865)
Frigate Maria de Molina (1868)
Spanish sail gunboats (1861-65)
K.u.K. Kriegsmarine
Ironclad Kaiser (1850-70)
Drache class BD. Ironclads (1861)
Kaiser Max class BD. Ironclads (1862)
Erzherzog F. Max class BD. Ironclads (1865)
SMS Lissa Ct. Bat. Ships (1869)
SMS Novara Frigate (1850)
SMS Schwarzenberg Frigate (1853)
Radetzky class frigates (1854)
Erzherzog Friedrich class corvettes (1853)
SMS Helgoland Sloop (1867)
Dansk Marine
Dannebrog (1863)
Peder Skram (1864)
Danmark (1864)
Rolf Krake (1864)
Lindormen (1868)
Jylland CR (1860)
Tordenskjold CR (1862)
Dagmar SP (1861)
Absalon class GB (1862)
Fylla class GB (1863)
Nautiko Hellenon
Basileos Giorgios (1867)
Basilisa Olga (1869)
Sloop Hellas (1861)
Koninklije Marine 1870
Dutch Screw Frigates & corvettes
De Ruyter Bd Ironclad (1863)
Prins H. der Neth. Turret ship (1866)
Buffel class turret rams (1868)
Skorpioen class turret rams (1868)
Heiligerlee class Monitors (1868)
Bloedhond class Monitors (1869)
Adder class Monitors (1870)
A.H.Van Nassau Frigate (1861)
A.Paulowna Frigate (1867)
Djambi class corvettes (1860)
Amstel class Gunboats (1860)
Marine Nationale
☍ See the Page
Screw 3-deckers (1850-58)
Screw 2-deckers (1852-59)
Screw Frigates (1849-59)
Conv. sailing frigates
Screw Corvettes (1846-59)
Screw Fl. Batteries (1855)
Paddle Frigates
Paddle Corvettes
screw sloops
screw gunboats
Sailing ships of the line
Sailing frigates
Sailing corvettes
Sailing bricks
Gloire class Bd. Ironclads (1859)
Couronne Bd. Ironclad (1861)
Magenta class Bd. Ironclads (1861)
Palestro class Flt. Batteries (1862)
Arrogante class Flt. Batteries (1864)
Provence class Bd. Ironclads (1864)
Embuscade class Flt. Batteries (1865)
Taureau arm. ram (1865)
Belliqueuse Bd. Ironclad (1865)
Alma Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1867)
Ocean class CT Battery ship (1868)
Cosmao class cruisers (1861)
Talisman cruisers (1862)
Resolue cruisers (1863)
Venus class cruisers (1864)
Decres cruiser (1866)
Desaix cruiser (1866)
Limier class cruisers (1867)
Linois cruiser (1867)
Chateaurenault cruiser (1868)
Infernet class Cruisers (1869)
Bourayne class Cruisers (1869)
Cruiser Hirondelle (1869)
Curieux class sloops (1860)
Adonis class sloops (1863)
Guichen class sloops (1865)
Sloop Renard (1866)
Bruix class sloops (1867)
Pique class gunboats (1862)
Hache class gunboats (1862)
Arbalete class gunboats (1866)
Etendard class gunboats (1868)
Revolver class gunboats (1869)
Marinha do Brasil
Barrozo class (1864)
Brasil (1864)
Tamandare (1865)
Lima Barros (1865)
Rio de Janeiro (1865)
Silvado (1866)
Mariz E Barros class (1866)
Carbal class (1866)
Osmanlı Donanması
Osmanieh class Bd.Ironclads (1864)
Assari Tewfik (1868)
Assari Shevket class Ct. Ironclads (1868)
Lufti Djelil class CDS (1868)
Avni Illah class cas.ironclads (1869)
Fethi Bulend class cas.ironclads (1870)
Barbette ironclad Idjalleh (1870)
Messudieh class Ct.Bat.ships (1874)
Hamidieh Ct.Bat.Ironclads (1885)
Abdul Kadir Battleships (project)
Frigate Ertrogul (1863)
Selimieh (1865)
Rehberi Tewkik (1875)
Mehmet Selim (1876)
Sloops & despatch vessels
Marina Do Peru
Monitor Atahualpa (1865)
CT. Bat Independencia (1865)
Turret ship Huascar (1865)
Frigate Apurimac (1855)
Corvette America (1865)
Corvette Union (1865)
Marinha do Portugal
Bartolomeu Dias class (28-guns) steam frigates
Sagris (14 guns) steam corvette
Vasco Da Gama (74 guns) Ship of the Line
Dom Fernando I e Gloria (50) Sailing Frigate
Dom Joao I class (14 guns) Sailing corvettes
Portuguese Side-wheel steamers
Regia Marina 1870
Formidabile class (1861)
Pr. de Carignano class (1863)
Re d'Italia class (1864)
Regina maria Pia class (1863)
Roma class (1865)
Affondatore (1865)
Palestro class (1865)
Guerriera class (1866)
Cappelini class (1868)
Sesia DV (1862)
Esploratore class DV (1863)
Vedetta DV (1866)
Nihhon Kaigun 1870
Ironclad Ruyjo (1868)
Ironclad Kotetsu (1868)
Frigate Fujiyama (1864)
Frigate Kasuga (1863)
Corvette Asama (1869)
Gunboat Raiden (1856)
Gunboat Chiyodogata (1863)
Teibo class GB (1866)
Gunboat Mushun (1865)
Gunboat Hosho (1868)
Preußische Marine 1870
Prinz Adalbert (1864)
Arminius (1864)
Friedrich Carl (1867)
Kronprinz (1867)
K.Whilhelm (1868)
Arcona class Frigates (1858)
Nymphe class Frigates (1863)
Augusta class Frigates (1864)
Jäger class gunboats (1860)
Chamaleon class gunboats (1860)
Russkiy Flot 1870
Ironclad Sevastopol (1864)
Ironclad Petropavlovsk (1864)
Ironclad Smerch (1864)
Pervenetz class (1863)
Charodeika class (1867)
Admiral Lazarev class (1867)
Ironclad Kniaz Pojarski (1867)
Bronenosetz class monitors (1867)
Admiral Chichagov class (1868)
S3D Imperator Nicolai I (1860)
S3D Sinop (1860)
S3D Tsessarevich (1860)
Russian screw two-deckers (1856-59)
Russian screw frigates (1854-61)
Russian screw corvettes (1856-60)
Russian screw sloops (1856-60)
Varyag class Corvettes (1862)
Almaz class Sloops (1861)
Opyt TGBT (1861)
Sobol class TGBT (1863)
Pishtchal class TGBT (1866)
Svenska marinen
Ericsson class monitors (1865)
Frigate Karl XIV (1854)
Frigate Stockholm (1856)
Corvette Gefle (1848)
Corvette Orädd (1853)
Søværnet
Skorpionen class (1866)
Frigate Stolaf (1856)
Frigate Kong Sverre (1860)
Frigate Nordstjerna (1862)
Frigate Vanadis (1862)
Glommen class gunboats (1863)
Union Navy
☍ See the Page
Union Sailing ships
monitors & armored ships
USS New Ironsides (1862)
USS monitor (1862)
USS Galena (1862)
Passaic class
USS Roanoke
USS Onondaga
Miantonomoh class
USS Dictator
USS Puritan
Canonicus class
Kalamazoo class
Milwaukee class
Casco class
USS Keokuk (1862)
wooden screw Frigates
Wampanoag class (1864)
USS Chattanooga (1864)
USS Idaho (1864)
wooden screw sloops
Ossipee class (1862)
USS Sacramento (1862)
Ticonderoga class (1862)
Gunboats
Unadilla class gunboats (1861)
Kansas class (1862)
Octorara class (1862)
Sassacus class (1862)
Mohongo class (1863)
USS Spuyten Duyvil (1864)
USS Alligator (1862)
Confederate Navy
☍ See the Page
CSS Frederickburg (1862)
CSS Savannah (1863)
CSS Stonewall (1864)
CSS Virginia II
CSS Tennessee
CSS Nashville
Commerce Raiders
Ajax class Iron Gunboats
CSS David (1862)
CSS HL Hunley (1863)
'Old Navy'(1865-1885)
☍ See the Page
Dunderberg Bd Ironclad (1865)
Wampanoag class frigates (1864)
Frigate Chattanooga & Idaho (1864)
Frigate Idaho (1864)
Java class frigates (1865)
Contookook class frigates (1865)
Frigate Trenton (1876)
Swatara class sloops (1865)
Alaska class sloops (1868)
Galena class sloops (1873)
Enterprise class sloops (1874)
Alert class sloops (1873)
Alarm torpedo ram (1873)
Intrepid torpedo ram (1874)
⚑ 1890 Fleets
Armada de Argentina
Parana class (1873)
La Plata class (1875)
Pilcomayo class (1875)
Ferre class (1880)
K.u.K. Kriegsmarine
Custoza (1872)
Erzherzog Albrecht (1872)
Kaiser (1871)
Kaiser Max class (1875)
Tegetthoff (1878)
Radetzky(ii) class (1872)
SMS Donau(ii) (1874)
SMS Donau(iii) (1893)
Erzherzog Friedrich class (1878)
Saida (1878)
Fasana (1870)
Aurora class (1873)
Imperial Chinese Navy
Hai An class frigates (1872)
Dansk Marine
Tordenskjold (1880)
Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
Skjold (1896)
Cruiser Fyen (1882)
Cruiser Valkyrien (1888)
Nautiko Hellenon
Spetsai class (1889)
Nauarchos Miaoulis (1889)
Greek Torpedo Boats (1881-85)
Greek Gunboats (1861-84)
Marine Haitienne
Gunboat St Michael (1970)
Gunboat "1804" (1875)
Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
Gunboat Toussaint Louverture (1886)
Koninklije Marine
Konigin der Netherland (1874)
Draak, monitor (1877)
Matador, monitor (1878)
R. Claeszen, monitor (1891)
Evertsen class CDS (1894)
Atjeh class cruisers (1876)
Cruiser Sumatra (1890)
Cruiser K.W. Der. Neth (1892)
Banda class Gunboats (1872)
Pontania class Gunboats (1873)
Gunboat Aruba (1873)
Hydra Gunboat class (1873)
Batavia class Gunboats (1877)
Wodan Gunboat class (1877)
Ceram class Gunboats (1887)
Combok class Gunboats (1891)
Borneo Gunboat (1892)
Nias class Gunboats (1895)
Koetei class Gunboats (1898)
Dutch sloops (1864-85)
Marine Nationale
☍ See the Page
Friedland CT Battery ship (1873)
Richelieu CT Battery ship (1873)
Colbert class CT Battery ships (1875)
Redoutable CT Battery ship (1876)
Courbet class CT Battery ships (1879)
Amiral Duperre barbette ship (1879)
Terrible class barbette ships (1883)
Amiral Baudin class barbette ships (1883)
Barbette ship Hoche (1886)
Marceau class barbette ships (1888)
Cerbere class Arm.Ram (1870)
Tonnerre class Br.Monitors (1875)
Tempete class Br.Monitors (1876)
Tonnant ironclad (1880)
Furieux ironclad (1883)
Fusee class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
Acheron class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
Jemmapes class (1892)
Bouvines class (1892)
La Galissonière Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1872)
Bayard class barbette ships (1879)
Vauban class barbette ships (1882)
Prot. Cruiser Sfax (1884)
Prot. Cruiser Tage (1886)
Prot. Cruiser Amiral Cécille (1888)
Prot. Cruiser Davout (1889)
Forbin class Cruisers (1888)
Troude class Cruisers (1888)
Alger class Cruisers (1891)
Friant class Cruisers (1893)
Prot. Cruiser Suchet (1893)
Descartes class Cruisers (1893)
Linois class Cruisers (1896)
D'Assas class Cruisers (1896)
Catinat class Cruisers (1896)
R. de Genouilly class Cruisers (1876)
Cruiser Duquesne (1876)
Cruiser Tourville (1876)
Cruiser Duguay-Trouin (1877)
Laperouse class Cruisers (1877)
Villars class Cruisers (1879)
Cruiser Iphigenie (1881)
Cruiser Naiade (1881)
Cruiser Arethuse (1882)
Cruiser Dubourdieu (1884)
Cruiser Milan (1884)
Parseval class sloops (1876)
Bisson class sloops (1874)
Epee class gunboats (1873)
Crocodile class gunboats (1874)
Tromblon class gunboats (1875)
Condor class Torpedo Cruisers (1885)
G. Charmes class gunboats (1886)
Inconstant class sloops (1887)
Bombe class Torpedo Cruisers (1887)
Wattignies class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
Levrier class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
Marinha do Brasil
Siete de Setembro class (1874)
Riachuleo class (1883)
Marinha do Portugal
☍ See the Page
Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
Portuguese Torpedo Boats
Portuguese Gunboats
Mexico
GB Indipendencia (1874)
GB Democrata (1875)
Osmanlı Donanması
Cruiser Heibtnuma (1890)
Cruiser Lufti Humayun (1892)
Cruiser Hadevendighar (1892)
Shadieh class cruisers (1893)
Turkish TBs (1885-94)
Regia Marina
Pr. Amadeo class (1871)
Caio Duilio class (1879)
Italia class (1885)
Ruggero di Lauria class (1884)
Carracciolo (1869)
Vettor Pisani (1869)
Cristoforo Colombo (1875)
Flavio Goia (1881)
Amerigo Vespucci (1882)
C. Colombo (ii) (1892)
Pietro Micca (1876)
Tripoli (1886)
Goito class (1887)
Folgore class (1887)
Partenope class (1889)
Giovanni Bausan (1883)
Etna class (1885)
Dogali (1885)
Piemonte (1888)
Staffeta (1876)
Rapido (1876)
Barbarigo class (1879)
Messagero (1885)
Archimede class (1887)
Guardiano class GB (1874)
Scilla class GB (1874)
Provana class GB (1884)
Curtatone class GB (1887)
Castore class GB (1888)
Nihhon Kaigun
Ironclad Fuso (1877)
Kongo class Ironclads (1877)
Cruiser Tsukushi (1880)
Cruiser Takao (1888)
Cruiser Yaeyama (1889)
Cruiser Chishima (1890)
Cruiser Tatsuta (1894)
Cruiser Miyako (1898)
Frigate Nisshin (1869)
Frigate Tsukuba (acq.1870)
Kaimon class CVT (1882)
Katsuragi class SCVT (1885)
Sloop Seiki (1875)
Sloop Amagi (1877)
Corvette Jingei (1876)
Gunboat Banjo (1878)
Maya class GB (1886)
Gunboat Oshima (1891)
Kaiserliche Marine
Ironclad Hansa (1872)
G.Kurfürst class (1873)
Kaiser class (1874)
Sachsen class (1877)
Ironclad Oldenburg (1884)
Ariadne class CVT (1871)
Leipzig class CVT (1875)
Bismarck class CVT (1877)
Carola class CVT (1880)
Corvette Nixe (1885)
Corvette Charlotte (1885)
Schwalbe class Cruisers (1887)
Bussard class (1890)
Aviso Zieten (1876)
Blitz class Avisos (1882)
Aviso Greif (1886)
Wacht class Avisos (1887)
Meteor class Avisos (1890)
Albatross class GBT (1871)
Cyclop GBT (1874)
Otter GBT (1877)
Wolf class GBT (1878)
Habitch class GBT (1879)
Hay GBT (1881)
Eber GBT (1881)
Rhein class Monitors (1872)
Wespe class Monitors (1876)
Brummer class Arm.Steamers (1884)
Russkiy Flot
Petr Velikiy (1872)
Ekaterina class ICL (1886)
Imperator Alexander class ICL (1887)
Ironclad Gangut (1890)
Admiral Ushakov class (1893)
Navarin (1893)
Petropavlovsk class (1894)
Sissoi Veliky (1896)
Minin (1866)
G.Admiral class (1875)
Pamiat Merkuria (1879)
V.Monomakh (1882)
D.Donskoi (1883)
Adm.Nakhimov (1883)
Vitiaz class (1884)
Pamiat Azova (1886)
Adm.Kornilov (1887)
Rurik (1895)
Svetlana (1896)
Gunboat Ersh (1874)
Kreiser class sloops (1875)
Gunboat Nerpa (1877)
Burun class Gunboats (1879)
Sivuch class Gunboats (1884)
Korietz class Gunboats (1886)
Kubanetz class Gunboats (1887)
TGBT Lt.Ilin (1886)
TGBT Kp.Saken (1889)
Kazarski class TGBT (1889)
Grozyaschi class AGBT (1890)
Gunboat Khrabri (1895)
T.Gunboat Abrek (1896)
Amur class minelayers (1898)
Marina Do Peru
Lima class Cruisers (1880)
Chilean TBs (1879)
Svenska Marinen
Monitor Loke (1871)
Svea class Coast Defence Ships (1886)
Berserk class (1873)
Sloop Balder (1870)
Blenda class GB (1874)
Urd class GB (1877)
Gunboat Edda (1885)
Søværnet
Lindormen (1868)
Gorm (1870)
Odin (1872)
Helgoland (1878)
Tordenskjold (1880)
Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
Royal Navy 1898
Hotspur (1870)
Glatton (1871)
Devastation class (1871)
Cyclops class (1871)
Rupert (1874)
Neptune class (1874)
Dreadnought (1875)
Inflexible (1876)
Agamemnon class (1879)
Conqueror class (1881)
Colossus class (1882)
Admiral class (1882)
Trafalgar class (1887)
Victoria class (1890)
Royal Sovereign class (1891)
Centurion class (1892)
Renown (1895)
HMS Shannon (1875)
Nelson class (1876)
Iris class (1877)
Leander class (1882)
Imperieuse class (1883)
Mersey class (1885)
Surprise class (1885)
Scout class (1885)
Archer class (1885)
Orlando class (1886)
Medea class (1888)
Barracouta class (1889)
Barham class (1889)
Pearl class (1889)
1870-90 Torpedo Boats
Armada 1898
Ironclad Pelayo (1887)
Aragon class (1879)
Velasco class (1881)
Isla de Luzon (1886)
Alfonso XII class (1887)
Reina Regentes class (1887)
Infanta Maria Teresa class (1890)
Emperador Carlos V (1895)
Cristobal Colon (1896)
Princesa de Asturias class (1896)
Destructor class (1886)
Temerario class (1891)
TGunboat Filipinas (1892)
De Molina class (1896)
Furor class (1896)
Audaz class (1897)
Spanish TBs (1878-87)
Fernando class gunboats (1875)
Concha class gunboats (1883)
1898 US Navy
☍ See the Page
USS Maine (1889)
USS Texas (1892)
Indiana class (1893)
USS Iowa (1896)
Amphitrite class (1876)
USS Puritan (1882)
USS Monterey (1891)
Atlanta class (1884)
USS Chicago (1885)
USS Charleston (1888)
USS Baltimore (1888)
USS Philadelphia (1889)
USS San Francisco (1889)
USS Newark (1890)
USS New York (1891)
USS Olympia (1892)
Cincinatti class (1892)
Montgomery class (1893)
Columbia class (1893)
USS Brooklyn (1895)
USS Vesuvius (1888)
USS Katahdin (1893)
USN Torpedo Boats (1886-1901)
GB USS Dolphin (1884)
Yorktown class GB (1888)
GB USS Petrel (1888)
GB USS Bancroft (1892)
Machias class GB (1891)
GB USS Nashville (1895)
Wilmington class GB (1895)
Annapolis class GB (1896)
Wheeling class GB (1897)
Small gunboats (1886-95)
St Louis class AMC (1894)
Harvard class AMC (1888)
USN Armoured Merchant Cruisers
USN Armed Yachts
WW1
☉ Entente Fleets
US Navy
☍ See the Page
WW1 American Battleships
USS Texas (1891)
USS Iowa (1896)
Indiana class battleships (1898)
Kearsage class battleships (1898)
Illinois class (1898)
Maine class (1901)
Virginia class (1904)
Connecticut class (1905)
Mississippi class (1906)
South Carolina class battleships (1908)
Delaware class battleships (1909)
Florida class battleships (1910)
Arkansas class battleships (1911)
New York class Battleships (1912)
Nevada class Battleships (1914)
Pennsylvania class (1915)
New Mexico class battleships (1917)
Tennessee class battleships (1919)
Colorado class battleships (1920)
South Dakota class battleships (1920)
Lexington class battlecruisers (1921)
WW1 US Cruisers
Atlanta class (1885)
USS Chicago (1885)
USS Charleston (1887)
Baltimore class (1888)
USS Philadelphia (1889)
USS San Francisco (1889)
USS Newark (1890)
USS New York (1891)
Montgomery class (1891)
USS Olympia (1892)
Cincinatti class (1892)
Columbia class (1893)
USS Brooklyn (1895)
New Orleans class (1896)
USS Maine (1896)
Denver class (1902)
Pittsburg (Pennslvania) class (1903)
St Louis class (1904)
Memphis (Tennessee) class (1904)
Chester class (1907)
Omaha class (1920)
WW1 USN Destroyers
Bainbridge Class
Truxtun Class
Smith Class
Paulding Class
Cassin Class
O'brien Class
Tucker Class
Sampson Class
Caldwell Class
Wickes Class
Clemson Class
WW1 American Submarines
USS Holland 1897
A class subs 1901
B class subs 1906
C class subs 1907
D class subs 1909
E class subs 1911
F class subs 1911
G class subs 1911
H class subs 1913
K class subs 1914
L class subs 1915
M class subs 1915
N class subs 1916
O class subs 1917
R class subs 1917
S class subs 1918
T(AA) class subs 1918
American Torpedo Boats (1885-1901)
WW1 USN Gunboats
WW1 USN Monitors
WW1 USN Armed Merchant cruisers
WW1 USN armed Yachts
Eagle Boats (1918)
SC 110 ft (1917)
Shawmut class minelayers (1907)
Bird class minesweepers (1917)
Royal Navy
☍ See the Page
WW1 British Battleships
Centurion class (1892)
Majestic class (1894)
Canopus class (1897)
Formidable class (1898)
London class (1899)
Duncan class (1901)
King Edward VII class (1903)
Swiftsure class (1903)
Lord Nelson class (1906)
HMS Dreadnought (1906)
Bellorophon class (1907)
St Vincent class (1908)
HMS Neptune (1909)
Colossus class (1910)
Orion class (1911)
King George V class (1911)
Iron Duke class (1912)
Queen Elizabeth class (1913)
HMS Canada (1913)
HMS Agincourt (1913)
HMS Erin (1915)
Revenge class (1915)
N3 class (1920)
WW1 British Battlecruisers
Invincible class (1907)
Indefatigable class (1909)
Lion class (1910)
HMS Tiger (1913)
Renown class (1916)
Courageous class (1916)
G3 class (1918)
ww1 British cruisers
Blake class (1889)
Edgar class (1890)
Powerful class (1895)
Diadem class (1896)
Cressy class (1900)
Drake class (1901)
Monmouth class (1901)
Devonshire class (1903)
Duke of Edinburgh class (1904)
Warrior class (1905)
Minotaur class (1906)
Hawkins class (1917)
Apollo class (1890)
Astraea class (1893)
Eclipse class (1894)
Arrogant class (1896)
Pelorus class (1896)
Highflyer class (1898)
Gem class (1903)
Adventure class (1904)
Forward class (1904)
Pathfinder class (1904)
Sentinel class (1904)
Boadicea class (1908)
Blonde class (1910)
Active class (1911)
'Town' class (1909-1913)
Arethusa class (1913)
'C' class series (1914-1922)
'D' class (1918)
'E' class (1918)
WW1 British Seaplane Carriers
HMS Ark Royal (1914)
HMS Campania (1893)
HMS Argus (1917)
HMS Furious (1917)
HMS Vindictive (1918)
HMS Hermes (1919)
WW1 British Destroyers
Reclassified DDs (A, B, C, D class)
26-knotters (1893)
27-knotters (1894)
30-knotters (1895-99)
33-knotters (1896-1901)
Prewar DDs
HM Turbinia (1897)
HMS Viper (1897)
HMS Cobra (1899)
HMS Velox (1899)
River class (1903)
Tribal class (1907)
Cricket class (1906)
HMS Swift (1907)
Albacore class (1906)
Beagle class (1909)
Acorn class (1910)
Acheron class (1911)
Acasta class (1912)
Laforey class (1913)
Wartime DDs
M/repeat M class (1914)
Faulknor class FL (1914)
Lightfoote class FL (1914)
Medea class (1914)
Talisman class (1915)
Parker claqs FL (1916)
R/Mod R class (1916)
V class FL (1917)
Skakespeare class FL (1917)
Scott class FL (1917)
V class (1917)
W/Mod W class (1917)
S class (1918)
WW1 British Torpedo Boats
125ft series (1885)
140ft series (1892)
160ft series (1901)
WW1 British Submarines
Nordenfelt Submarines (1885)
Holland Type (1901)
A-Class Type (1902)
B-Class Type (1904)
C-Class Type (1906)
D-Class Type (1908)
E-Class Type (1912)
S-Class Type (1914)
V-Class Type (1914)
W-Class Type (1914)
F-Class Type (1915)
H-class Type (1914)
HMS Nautilus (1914)
HMS Swordfish (1916)
G-Class Type (1915)
J-Class Type (1915)
K-Class Type (1916)
L-Class Type (1917)
M-Class Type (1917)
R-Class Type (1918)
WW1 British Monitors
Flower class sloops
British Gunboats of WWI
British P-Boats (1915)
Kil class (1917)
British ww1 Minesweepers
Z-Whaler class patrol crafts
British ww1 CMB
British ww1 Auxiliaries
Marine Nationale
☍ See the Page
WW1 French Battlecruisers (Projects)
WW1 French Battleships
Charles Martel class (1891)
Charlemagne class (1899)
Henri IV (1899)
Iéna (1898)
Suffren (1899)
République class (1902)
Liberté class (1904)
Danton class Battleships (1909)
Courbet class (1911)
Bretagne class (1914)
Normandie class battleships (1914)
Lyon class battleships (planned)
WW1 French Cruisers
Dupuy de Lôme (1890)
Admiral Charner class (1892)
Pothuau (1895)
Dunois class (1897)
Jeanne d'Arc arm. cruiser (1899)
Gueydon class arm. cruisers (1901)
Dupleix class arm. cruisers (1901)
Gloire class arm. cruisers (1902)
Gambetta class arm. cruisers (1901)
Jules Michelet arm. cruiser (1905)
Ernest Renan arm. cruiser (1905)
Edgar Quinet class arm. cruisers (1907)
Lamotte Picquet class cruisers (planned)
Cruiser D'Entrecasteaux (1897)
D’Iberville class (1893)
Jurien de la Gravière (1899)
Seaplane Carrier La Foudre (1895)
Kersaint class sloops (1897)
WW1 French Destroyers
WW1 French ASW Escorts
WW1 French Submarines
Plongeur (1863)
Gymnôte (1888)
Gustave Zédé (1893)
Morse (1899)
Narval (1899)
Sirène class (1901)
Farfadet class (1901)
Morse class (1901)
Naiade class (1904)
X (1904)
Z (1904)
Y (1905)
Aigrette class (1904)
Omega (1905)
Emeraude class (1906)
Circe class (1907)
Pluviose class (1909)
Brumaire class (1910)
Archimede (1909)
Mariotte (1911)
Amiral Bourgeois (1912)
Charles Brun (1910)
Clorinde class (1913)
Zédé class (1913)
Amphitrite class (1914)
Bellone class (1914)
Dupuy de Lome class (1915)
Diane class (1915)
Joessel class (1917)
Lagrange class (1917)
Armide class (1915)
O'Byrne class (1919)
Maurice Callot (1921)
Pierre Chailley (1921)
WW1 French Torpedo Boats
WW1 French river gunboats
WW1 French Motor Boats
WW1 French Auxiliary Warships
Nihhon Kaigun
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WW1 Japanese Battleships
Ironclad Chin Yen (1882)
Fuji class (1896)
Shikishima class (1898)
IJN Mikasa (1900)
Katori class (1905)
Satsuma class (1906)
Kawachi class (1910)
Fusō class (1915)
Ise class (1917)
Nagato class (1919)
Kaga class (1921)
Kii class (planned)
Tsukuba class BCs (1905)
Ibuki class (1907)
Kongō class (1912)
Akagi class (planned)
N°13 class (planned)
WW1 Japanese Cruisers
Naniwa class (1885)
IJN Unebi (1886)
Matsushima class (1889)
IJN Akitsushima (1892)
Suma class (1895)
Chitose class (1898)
Asama class (1898)
IJN Yakumo (1899)
IJN Adzuma (1899)
Tsushima class (1902)
IJN Otowa (1903)
Kasuga class (1904)
IJN Tone (1907)
Yodo class (1907)
Chikuma class (1911)
Tenryu class (1918)
WW1 Japanese Destroyers
WW1 Japanese Submersibles
WW1 Japanese Torpedo Boats
WW1 Japanese gunboats
IJN Wakamiya seaplane carrier (1905)
Natsushima class minelayers (1911)
IJN Katsuriki minelayer (1916)
Japanese WW1 auxiliaries
Russkiy Flot
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WW1 Russian Battleships
Tri Sviatitelia (1894)
Poltava (1894)
Rostislav (1896)
Peresviet class (1899)
Pantelimon (1900)
Retvizan (1900)
Tsesarevich (1901)
Borodino class (1901)
Pervoswanny class (1908)
Evstafi class (1910)
Gangut class (1911)
Imperatritsa Mariya class (1913)
Borodino class battlecruisers (1915)
WW1 Russian Cruisers
Rossia class (1896)
Pallada class (1899)
Varyag (1900)
Askold (1900)
Novik (1900)
Bogatyr class (1901)
Boyarin (1901)
Izmurud (1903)
Bayan class (1905)
Rurik (1906)
Svetlana class (1915)
Adm. Nakhimov class (1915)
WW1 Russian Destroyers
Pruitki class (1895)
Bditelni(i) class (1899)
Grozni class (1904)
Ukraina class (1904)
Bukharski class (1905)
Gaidamak class (1905)
Lovki class (1905)
Bditelni class (1905)
Tverdi class (1906)
Storozhevoi class (1906)
Kondratenko class (1906)
Shestakov class (1907)
Novik (1911)
Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
Orfey class (1911)
Izyaslav class (1911)
Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
WW1 Russian Submarines
WW1 Russian TBs (1877-1918)
WW1 Russian Minelayers
WW1 Russian Minesweepers
Amur class Minelayers (1906)
Regia Marina
WW1 Italian Battleships
Re Umberto class (1883)
Amiraglio Di St Bon class (1897)
Regina Margherita class (1900)
Regina Elena class (1904)
Dante Alighieri (1909)
Cavour class (1915)
Doria class (1916)
Caracciolo class battleships (1917)
WW1 Italian Cruisers
Umbria class (1891)
Calabria (1894)
Vettor Pisani class (1895)
Agordat class (1899)
Garibaldi class (1901)
Marco Polo (1892)
Nino Bixio class ()
Pisa class (1907)
San Giorgio class (1907)
Quarto (1911)
Libia (1912)
Campania class (1914)
WW1 Italian Gunboats
Governolo GB (1897)
Brondolo class (1909)
Sebastiano Caboto (1912)
Ape class (1918)
Erlanno Caboto (1918)
Bafile class (1921)
Esploratori (scouts)
Poerio class scouts
Mirabello class scouts
Aquila class scouts
Leone class scouts
WW1 Italian Destroyers
Soldati class
Indomito class
Pilo class
Sirtori class
La Masa class
Palestro class
"Generali" class
Curtatone class
WW1 Italian Torpedo Boats
WW1 Italian Submarines
WW1 Italian Monitors
WW1 Italian Minesweepers
WW1 Italian MAS
Grillo class tracked torpedo launches
✠ Central Empires
Kaiserliche Marine
WW1 German Battleships
Siegfried class (1889)
Brandenburg class (1892)
Wittelsbach class (1900)
Braunschweig class (1902)
Kaiser Friedrich III class (1904)
Deutschland class (1905)
Nassau class (1906)
Helgoland class (1909)
Kaiser class (1911)
König class (1913)
Bayern class battleships (1916)
Sachsen class (launched)
L20 Alpha (project)
WW1 German Battlecruisers
SMS Blücher (1908)
Von der Tann (1909)
Moltke class (1910)
Seydlitz (1912)
Derrflinger class (1913)
Hindenburg (1915)
Mackensen class (1917)
Ersatz Yorck class (started)
WW1 German Cruisers
Irene class (1887)
Bussard class (1890)
SMS Kaiserin Augusta (1892)
SMS Gefion (1893)
SMS Hela (1895)
Victoria Louise class (1896)
Fürst Bismarck (1897)
Gazelle class (1898)
Prinz Adalbert class (1901)
Prinz heinrich (1900)
Bremen class (1902)
Könisgberg class (1905)
Roon class (1905)
Scharnhorst class (1906)
Dresden class (1907)
Nautilus class (1906)
Kolberg class (1908)
Magdeburg class (1911)
Karlsruhe class (1912)
Graudenz class (1914)
Pillau class (1914)
Brummer class (1915)
Wiesbaden class (1915)
Königsberg(ii) class (1915)
Cöln class (1916)
WW1 German Commerce Raiders
SMS Seeadler (1888)
WW1 German Destroyers
WW1 German Submarines
Brandtaucher
Forelle
U-1
U-2
U-3 class
U-5 class
U-9 class
U-13 class
U-17 class
U-19 class
U-23 class
U-43 class
U-57 class
U-63 class
U-87 class
U-93 class
U-139 class
U-142 class
UA
UB-I class
UB-II class
UB-III class
UC-I class
UC-II class
Deutschland
UE-I class
UE-II class
U-Projects
WW1 German Torpedo Boats
ww1 German gunboats
ww1 German minesweepers
ww1 German MTBs
KuK Kriesgmarine
Monarch class coastal BS (1895)
Habsburg class
Herzherzog Karl class
Radetzky class (1908)
SMS Kaiser Karl IV (1898)
SMS Sankt Georg (1903)
Tegetthoff class (1911)
Zenta class (1897)
Kaiser Franz Joseph I class (1889)
Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
Admiral Spaun/Novara
Panther class (1885)
Zara class (1880)
Austro-Hungarian Destroyers
Tatra class Destroyers
Austro-Hungarian Submarines
Austro-Hungarian Torpedo Boats
Versuchsgleitboot
Osmanli Donmanasi
Barbarossa class battleships (1892)
Yavuz (1914)
Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)
Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)
Cruiser Midilli (1914)
Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)
Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)
Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)
Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)
Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)
Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)
Marmaris gunboat (1903)
Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)
Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)
Preveze class gunboats (1912)
Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats
Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)
Turkish WW1 Minelayers
⚑ Neutral Countries
Americas
Argentina
Alm. Brown Corvette (1880)
Cruiser Patagonia (1885)
Libertad class CBC (1890)
Cruiser 25 de Mayo (1890)
Cruiser Nueve de Julio (1892)
Cruiser Buenos Aires (1895)
Garibaldi class cruisers (1895)
Espora class TGB (1890)
Patria class TGB (1893)
Argentinian TBs (1880-98)
Brazil
Marsh. Deodoro class (1898)
Riachuelo (1883)
Minas Geraes class (1908)
Cruiser Alm. Tamandaré (1890)
Cruiser Republica (1892)
Cruiser Alm. Barrozo (1892)
TT Gunboat Talayo (1892)
Brazilian TBs (1879-1893)
Chile
BS Alm. Latorre (1913)
BS Capitan Prat (1890)
Pdt. Errazuriz class (1890)
Lima class Cruisers (1880)
Blanco Encalada (1893)
Esmeralda (1894)
Ministro Zenteno (1896)
O'Higgins (1897)
Chacabuco (1898)
TGB Almirante Lynch (1890)
TGB Alm. Sampson (1896)
Chilean TBs (1880-1902)
Cuba
Gunboat Baire (1906)
Gunboat Patria (1911)
Diez de octubre class GB (1911)
Sloop Cuba (1911)
Haiti
Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)
GB Capois la Mort (1893)
GB Crete a Pierot (1895)
Mexico
Cruiser Zatagosa (1891)
GB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)
Tampico class GB (1902)
N. Bravo class GB (1903)
Peru
Almirante Grau class (1906)
Ferre class subs. (1912)
Europe
Bulgaria
Cruiser Nadezhda (1898)
Drski class TBs (1906)
Denmark
Skjold class (1896)
Herluf Trolle class (1899)
Herluf Trolle (1908)
Niels Iuel (1918)
Hekla class cruisers (1890)
Valkyrien class cruisers (1888)
Fyen class crusiers (1882)
Danish TBs (1879-1918)
Danish Submarines (1909-1920)
Danish Minelayer/sweepers
Greece
Kilkis class
Giorgios Averof class
Netherlands
Eversten class (1894)
Konigin Regentes class (1900)
De Zeven Provincien (1909)
Dutch dreadnought (project)
Holland class cruisers (1896)
Fret class destroyers
Dutch Torpedo boats
Dutch gunboats
Dutch submarines
Dutch minelayers
Norway
Haarfarge class (1897)
Norge class (1900)
Norwegian Monitors
Cr. Frithjof (1895)
Cr. Viking (1891)
DD Draug (1908)
Norwegian ww1 TBs
Norwegian ww1 Gunboats
Sub. Kobben (1909)
Ml. Fröya (1916)
Ml. Glommen (1917)
Portugal
Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
Cruiser Adamastor (1896)
Sao Gabriel class (1898)
Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)
Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)
Portuguese ww1 Destroyers
Portuguese ww1 Submersibles
Portuguese ww1 Gunboats
Romania
Elisabeta (1885)
Spain
España class Battleships (1912)
Velasco class (1885)
Ironclad Pelayo (1887)
Alfonso XII class (1887)
Cataluna class (1896)
Plata class (1898)
Estramadura class (1900)
Reina Regentes class (1906)
Spanish Destroyers
Spanish Torpedo Boats
Spanish Sloops/Gunboats
Spanish Submarines
Spanish Armada 1898
Sweden
Svea classs (1886)
Oden class (1896)
Dristigheten (1900)
Äran class (1901)
Oscar II (1905)
Sverige class (1915)
J. Ericsson class (1865)
Gerda class (1871)
Berserk (1873)
HMS Fylgia (1905)
Clas Fleming class (1912)
Swedish Torpedo cruisers
Swedish destroyers
Swedish Torpedo Boats
Swedish gunboats
Swedish submarines
Asia
China
Dingyuan class Ironclads (1881)
Hai Ching class (1874)
Wei Yuan class (1878)
Chao Yung class (1880)
Nan T'an class (1883)
Pao Min (1885)
King Ching class (1885)
Tung Chi class (1895)
Hai Yung class (1897)
Hai Tien class (1898)
Chao Ho class (1911)
Gunboats (1867-1918)
Fu Po class Gunboats (1870)
Torpedo gunboats (1891-1900)
Destroyers (1906-1912)
Torpedo boats (1883-1902)
Thailand
Maha Chakri (1892)
Thoon Kramon (1866)
Makrut Rajakumarn (1883)
⚏ WW1 3rd/4th rank navies
✈ WW1 Naval Aviation
USN
Boeing model 2/3/5 (1916)
Aeromarine 39 (1917)
Curtiss H (1917)
Curtiss F5L (1918)
Curtiss VE-7 (1918)
Curtiss NC (1918)
Curtiss NC4 (1918)
RNAS
Short 184 (1915)
Fairey Campania (1917)
Felixtowe F2 (1916)
Felixtowe F3 (1917)
Felixtowe F5 (1918)
Sopwith Baby (1917)
Fairey Hamble Baby (1917)
Fairey III (1918)
Short S38 (1912)
Short Admiralty Type 166 (1914)
Short Admiralty Type 184 (1915)
Blackburn Kangaroo
Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter
Sopwith Pup
Sopwith Cuckoo 1918
Royal Aircraft Factory Airships
Marineflieger
Albatros W.4 (1916)
Albatros W.8 (1918)
Friedrichshafen Models
Gotha WD.1-27 (1918)
Hansa-Brandenburg series
L.F.G V.19 Stralsund (1918)
L.F.G W (1916)
L.F.G WD (1917)
Lübeck-Travemünde (1914)
Oertz W series (1914)
Rumpler 4B (1914)
Sablatnig SF (1916)
Zeppelin-Lindau Rs series
Kaiserlichesmarine Zeppelins
French Naval Aviation
Borel Type Bo.11 (1911)
Nieuport VI.H (1912)
Nieuport X.H (1913)
Donnet-Leveque (1913)
FBA-Leveque (1913)
FBA (1913)
Donnet-Denhaut (1915)
Borel-Odier Type Bo-T(1916)
Levy G.L.40 (1917)
Blériot-SPAD S.XIV (1917)
Hanriot HD.2 (1918)
Zodiac Airships
Italian Naval Aviation
Ansaldo SVA Idro (1916)
Ansaldo Baby Idro (1915)
Macchi M3 (1916)
Macchi M5 (1918)
SIAI S.12 (1918)
Russian Naval Aviation
Grigorovich M-5 (1915)
Grigorovich M-9 (1916)
Grigorovich M-11 (1916)
Grigorovich M-15 (1916)
Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
✠ K.u.K. SeeFliegkorps
Lohner E (1914)
Lohner L (1915)
Oeffag G (1916)
IJN Air Service
IJN Farman 1914
Yokosho Rogou Kougata (1917)
Yokosuka Igo-Ko (1920)
WW2
✪ Allied ww2 Fleets
US Navy
WW2 US Battleships
Wyoming class (1911)
New York class (1912)
Nevada class (1914)
Pennsylvania class (1915)
New Mexico class (1917)
Tennessee Class (1919)
Colorado class (1921)
North Carolina class (1940)
South Dakota class (1941)
Iowa class (1942)
Montana class (cancelled)
WW2 American Cruisers
Omaha class cruisers (1920)
Pensacola class heavy Cruisers (1928)
Northampton class heavy cruisers (1929)
Portland class heavy cruisers (1931)
New Orleans class cruisers (1933)
Brooklyn class cruisers (1936)
USS Wichita (1937)
Atlanta class light cruisers (1941)
Cleveland class light Cruisers (1942)
Baltimore class heavy cruisers (1942)
Alaska class heavy cruisers (1944)
WW2 USN Aircraft Carriers
USS Langley (1920)
Lexington class CVs (1927)
USS Ranger (CV-4)
USS Wasp (CV-7)
Yorktown class aircraft carriers (1936)
Long Island class (1940)
Independence class CVs (1942)
Essex class CVs (1942)
Bogue class CVEs (1942)
Sangamon class CVEs (1942)
Casablanca class CVEs (1942)
Commencement Bay class CVEs (1944)
Midway class CVs (1945)
Saipan class CVs (1945)
WW2 USN destroyers
Farragut class (1934)
Porter class (1935)
Mahan class (1935)
Gridley class (1936)
Bagley class (1936)
Somers class (1937)
Benham class (1938)
Sims class (1939)
Benson class (1939)
Gleaves class (1940)
Fletcher class (1942)
Sumner class (1943)
Gearing class (1944)
GMT Evarts class (1942)
TE Buckley class (1943)
TEV/WGT Rudderow class (1943)
DET/FMR Cannon class
Asheville/Tacoma class
WW2 US Submarines
Barracuda class
USS Argonaut
Narwhal class
USS Dolphin
Cachalot class
Porpoise class
Shark class
Perch class
Salmon class
Sargo class
Tambor class
Mackerel class
Gato Class
USS Terror (1941)
Raven class Mnsp (1940)
Admirable class Mnsp (1942)
Eagle class sub chasers (1918)
PC class sub chasers
SC class sub chasers
PCS class sub chasers
YMS class Mot. Mnsp
PT-Boats
ww2 US gunboats
ww2 US seaplane tenders
USS Curtiss ST (1940)
Currituck class ST
Tangier class ST
Barnegat class ST
US Coast Guard
Lake class
Northland class
Treasury class
Owasco class
Wind class
Algonquin class
Thetis class
Active class
US Amphibious ships & crafts
US Amphibious Operations
Doyen class AT
Harris class AT
Dickman class AT
Bayfield class AT
Windsor class AT
Ormsby class AT
Funston class AT
Sumter class AT
Haskell class AT
Andromeda class AT
Gilliam class AT
APD-1 class LT
APD-37 class LT
LSV class LS
LSD class LS
Landing Ship Tank
LSM class LS
LSM(R) class SS
LCI(L) LC
LCT(6) LC
LCV class LC
LCVP class LC
LCM(3) class LC
LCP(L) class LC
LCP(R) class SC
LCL(L)(3) class FSC
LCS(S) class FSC
Royal Navy
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WW2 British Battleships
Queen Elisabeth class (1913)
Revenge class (1915)
Nelson class (1925)
King George V class (1939)
Lion class (Started)
HMS Vanguard (1944)
Renown class (1916)
HMS Hood (1920)
WW2 British Cruisers
British C class cruisers (1914-1922)
Hawkins class cruisers (1917)
British D class cruisers (1918)
Enterprise class cruisers (1919)
HMS Adventure (1924)
County class cruisers (1926)
York class cruisers (1929)
Surrey class cruisers (project)
Leander class cruisers (1931)
Arethusa class cruisers (1934)
Perth class cruisers (1934)
Town class cruisers (1936)
Dido class cruisers (1939)
Abdiel class cruisers (1939)
Fiji class cruisers (1941)
Bellona class cruisers (1942)
Swiftsure class cruisers (1943)
Tiger class cruisers (1944)
WW2 British Aircraft Carriers
HMS Argus (1917)
HMS Furious (1917)
HMS Eagle (1918)
HMS Hermes (1919)
Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928)
HMS Ark Royal (1937)
Illustrious class (1939)
HMS Indomitable (1940)
Implacable class (1942)
Malta class (project)
HMS Unicorn (1941)
Colossus class (1943)
Majestic class (1944)
Centaur class (started 1945)
HMS Archer (1939)
HMS Argus (1917)
HMS Audacity (1941)
HMS Archer (1941)
HMS Activity (1941)
HMS Pretoria Castle (1941)
Avenger class (1941)
Attacker class (1941)
Ameer class (1942)
Merchant Aircraft Carriers (1942)
Nairana class (1943)
WW2 British Destroyers
Shakespeare class (1917)
Scott class (1818)
V class (1917)
S class (1918)
W class (1918)
A/B class (1926)
C/D class (1931)
G/H/I class (1935)
Tribal class (1937)
J/K/N class (1938)
Hunt class DE (1939)
L/M class (1940)
O/P class (1942)
Q/R class (1942)
S/T/U//V/W class (1942)
Z/ca class (1943)
Ch/Co/Cr class (1944)
Battle class (1945)
Weapon class (1945)
WW2 British submarines
L9 class (1918)
HMS X1 (1923)
Odin (O) class (1926)
Parthian (P) class (1929)
Rainbow (R) class (1930)
River (Thames) class (1932)
Swordfish (S) class (1932)
Grampus class (1935)
Shark class (1934)
Triton class (1937)
Undine class (1937)
U class (1940)
S class (1941)
T class (1941)
X-Craft midget (1942)
A class (1944)
WW2 British Amphibious Ships and Landing Crafts
LSI(L) class
LSI(M/S) class
LSI(H) class
LSS class
LSG class
LSC class
Boxer class LST
LST(2) class
LST(3) class
LSH(L) class
LSF classes (all)
LCI(S) class
LCI(L) class
LCS(L2) class
LCT(I) class
LCT(2) class
LCT(R) class
LCT(3) class
LCT(4) class
LCT(8) class
LCT(4) class
LCG(L)(4) class
LCG(M)(1) class
LCA
LCP
LCM
WW2 British MTB/gunboats
WW2 British MTBs
MTB-1 class (1936)
MTB-24 class (1939)
MTB-41 class (1940)
MTB-424 class (1944)
MTB-601 class (1942)
MA/SB class (1938)
MTB-412 class (1942)
MGB 6 class (1939)
MGB-47 class (1940)
MGB 321 (1941)
MGB 501 class (1942)
MGB 511 class (1944)
MGB 601 class (1942)
MGB 2001 class (1943)
WW2 British Gunboats
Denny class (1941)
Fairmile A (1940)
Fairmile B (1940)
HDML class (1940)
WW2 British Sloops
Bridgewater class (2090)
Hastings class (1930)
Shoreham class (1930)
Grimsby class (1934)
Bittern class (1937)
Egret class (1938)
Black Swan class (1939)
River class (1942)
Loch class (1944)
Bay class (1944)
Kingfisher class (1935)
Shearwater class (1939)
Flower class (1940)
Castle class (1943)
WW2 British Misc.
Roberts class monitors (1941)
Halcyon class minesweepers (1933)
Bangor class minesweepers (1940)
Bathurst class minesweepers (1940)
Algerine class minesweepers (1941)
Motor Minesweepers (1937)
ww2 British ASW trawlers
Basset class trawlers (1935)
Tree class trawlers (1939)
HMS Albatross seaplane carrier
WW2 British river gunboats
HMS Guardian netlayer
HMS Protector netlayer
HMS Plover coastal mines.
Medway class sub depot ships
HMS Resource fleet repair
HMS Woolwhich DD depot ship
HMS Tyne DD depot ship
Maidstone class sub depot ships
HmS Adamant sub depot ship
Athene class aircraft transport
British ww2 AMCs
British ww2 OBVs
British ww2 ABVs
British ww2 Convoy Escorts
British ww2 APVs
British ww2 SSVs
British ww2 SGAVs
British ww2 Auxiliary Mines.
British ww2 CAAAVs
British ww2 Paddle Mines.
British ww2 MDVs
British ww2 Auxiliary Minelayers
British ww2 armed yachts
Marine Nationale
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WW2 French Battleships
Courbet class (1911)
Bretagne class (1914)
Dunkerque class (1935)
Richelieu class (1940)
Gascoigne class (Project)
WW2 French cruisers
Duguay Trouin class (1923)
Duquesne class (1925)
Suffren class (1927)
Pluton (1929)
Jeanne d’Arc (1930)
Algérie (1930)
Emile Bertin (1933)
La Galissonnière class (1934)
De Grasse class (started)
St Louis class (started)
WW2 French Destroyers
Chacal class
Guepard class
Aigle class
Vauquelin class
Le Fantasque class
Mogador class
Bourrasque class
L'Adroit class
Le Hardi class
La Melpomene class TBs
Le fier class TBs
WW2 French Submarines
Requin class
600/630 Tonnes class
Redoutable class
Saphir class (1928)
Surcouf (1929)
Aurore class (1939)
Morillot class (1940)
Emeraude class (project)
Phenix class (project)
Aircraft Carrier Béarn (1923)
Ct Teste seaplane carrier (1929)
Joffre class CVs (started)
French ASW sloops
Bougainville class Avisos
Elan class Minesweepers
Chamois class Minesweepers
French ww2 sub-chasers
Sans souci class seaplane tenders
ww2 French river gunboats
ww2 French AMCs
Sovietskiy Flot
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Gangut class (1911)
Sovetsky Soyuz class (started)
Kronstadt class battlecruisers
Krasny Kavkaz (1916)
Svetlana class cruisers (1920)
Kirov class cruisers (1934)
Chapayev class cruisers (1940)
WW2 Soviet Destroyers
Sverdlov (Novik 1911)
Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
Orfey class (1911)
Izyaslav class (1911)
Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
Leningrad class (1933)
Tashkent (1937)
Kiev class (1940)
Gnevnyi class (1936)
Storozhevoi class (1936)
Opytinyi (1935)
Ognevoi class (1940)
WW2 Soviet submarines
AG class (1920)
Series I (1928)
Series II (1931)
Series III (1930)
Series IV (1934)
Series V/V bis (1933)
Series VI/VI bis (1933)
Series IX/IX bis (1935)
Series X/X bis (1936)
Series XI (1935)
Series XIII/XIII bis (1937)
Series XV (1940)
Series XIV (1938)
Series XVI (1947)
Soviet ww2 Gunboats and Monitors
Soviet ww2 guardships
Soviet ww2 Minesweepers
Soviet ww2 Minelayers
Soviet ww2 MTBs
Soviet ww2 sub-chasers
Yosif Stalin class icebreakers
Royal Canadian Navy
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Royal Canadian Navy
IROQUOIS class destroyers
Canadian RIVER class
Canadian LOCH class
Canadian FLOWER class
Improved Flower class
Canadian armed trawlers
Canadian MACS
Royal Australian Navy
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Perth class cruisers (1934)
Arunta class destroyers (1940)
HMAS Albatros (1928)
Barcoo class frigates (1943)
Yarra class sloops (1935)
RNZN Fleet
RIN Fleet
Dutch Navy
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HNLMS De Ruyter (1935)
Java class cruisers (1921)
Tromp Class Cruisers (1937)
Holland class battecruisers (project)
Eendracht class cruisers (project)
Dutch Submarines
Admiralen class destroyers
Tjerk Hiddes class destroyers
Dutch gunboats
Dutch minelayers/minesweepers
Chinese Navy 1937
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Hai Yung class (1897)
Hai Tien class (1898)
Chao Ho class (1911)
Ning Hai class (1931)
WW2 Chinese Gunboats
✙ Axis ww2 Fleets
Imperial Japanese Navy
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WW2 Japanese Battleships
Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)
Fuso class battleships (1915)
Ise class battleships (1917)
Nagato class Battleships (1919)
Yamato class Battleships (1941)
B41 class Battleships (project)
B64/65 Battlecruiser (1939-41)
WW2 Japanese cruisers
Tenryū class cruisers (1918)
Kuma class cruisers (1919)
Nagara class (1921)
Sendai class Cruisers (1923)
IJN Yūbari (1923)
Furutaka class Cruisers (1925)
Aoba class heavy cruisers (1926)
Nachi class Cruisers (1927)
Takao class cruisers (1930)
Mogami class cruisers (1934)
Tone class cruisers (1937)
Katori class cruisers (1939)
Agano class cruisers (1941)
Oyodo (1943)
Seaplane & Aircraft Carriers
IJN Hōshō (1921)
IJN Akagi (1925)
IJN Kaga (1927)
IJN Ryujo (1931)
IJN Soryu (1935)
IJN Hiryu (1937)
Shokaku class (1940)
Zuiho class (1937)
Ruyho (1933)
Hiyo class (1941)
Chitose class (1943)
IJN Taiho (1944)
IJN Shinano (1944)
Unryu class (1944)
IJN Ibuki (1942)
Taiyo class (1940)
IJN Kaiyo (1938)
IJN Shinyo (1934)
Notoro (1920)
Kamoi (1922)
Chitose class (1936)
Mizuho (1938)
Nisshin (1939)
IJN AMCs
IJN Aux. Seaplane tenders
Akistushima (1941)
Shimane Maru class (1944)
Yamashiro Maru class (1944)
Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation
WW2 Japanese Destroyers
Mutsuki class (1925)
Fubuki class (1927)
Akatsuki class (1932)
Hatsuharu class (1932)
Shiratsuyu class (1935)
Asashio class (1936)
Kagero class (1938)
Yugumo class (1941)
Akitsuki class (1941)
IJN Shimakaze (1942)
WW2 Japanese Submarines
KD1 class (1921)
Koryu class
Kaiten class
Kairyu class
IJN Midget subs
WW2 Japanese Amphibious ships/Crafts
Shinshu Maru class (1935)
Akistu Maru class (1941)
Kumano Maru class (1944)
SS class LS (1942)
T1 class LS (1944)
T101 class LS (1944)
T103 class LS (1944)
Shohatsu class LC (1941)
Chuhatsu class LC (1942)
Moku Daihatsu class (1942)
Toku Daihatsu class (1944)
WW2 Japanese minelayers
IJN Armed Merchant Cruisers
WW2 Japanese Escorts
Tomozuru class (1933)
Otori class (1935)
Matsu class (1944)
Tachibana class (1944)
Ioshima class (1944)
WW2 Japanese Sub-chasers
WW2 Japanese MLs
Shinyo class SB
Regia Marina
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WW2 Italian battleships
Littorio class battleships
Cavour class battleships
Doria class battleships (1916)
WW2 Italian Cruisers
Alberto di Giussano class
Trento class (1927)
Cadorna class (1931)
Zara class Cruisers (1931)
R. Montecuccoli class (1934)
Duca d'Aosta class (1935)
Duca degli Abruzzi class (1937)
Costanzo Ciano class (1939)
Etna class
Capitani Romani class (1941)
Giuseppe Miraglia
Aircraft carrier Aquila
WW2 Italian Destroyers
Leone class destroyers
Sella class
Sauro class
Turbine class
Navigatori class
Freccia class
Folgore class
Maestrale class
Oriani class
Soldati class
Cdt Medaglie d'Oro class
WW2 Italian TBs
Albatros
Spica class
Pegaso class
Ciclone class
Ariete class
WW2 Italian Submarines
Balilla class
Archimede class
Glauco class
Foca class
Marcello class
Brin class
Liuzzi class
Marconi class
Cagni class
Romolo class
Mameli class
Pisani class
Bandiera class
Squalo class
Bragadin class
Settembrini class
Argo class
Argonauta class
Sirena class
Perla class
Adua class
Acciaio class
Flutto class
CM class
CC class
CA class
CB class
ww2 Italian light MBs
MAS MBTs
MS class boats
VAS class ASW boats
MAT class
MTM class
MTS class (1940)
MTL class
SLC/SSB class
R Boats
Eritrea sloop (1936)
Diana sloop (1942)
Gabbaiano class Corvettes (1942)
Italian minelayers
Italian gunboats
Kriegsmarine
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ww2 german battleships
Bismarck class Battleships (1940)
Scharnhorst class battleships (1936)
Deutschland class Cruisers (1931)
K class Battleships
ww2 german cruisers
KMS Emden (1925)
Königsberg class cruisers (1927)
Leipzig class cruisers (1929)
Hipper class cruisers (1937)
M class
P class
KMS Graf Zeppelin (1939)
WW2 German submarines: U-Boats
Seeteufel (1944)
Type Ia U-Boats (1936)
Type II U-Boats (1935)
Type IX U-Boats (1936)
Type VII U-Boats (1933)
Type XB U-Boats (1941)
Type XIV U-Boats (1941)
Type XVII U-Boats (1945)
Type XXI U-Boats (1944)
Type XXIII U-Boats (1944)
Prototype U-Boats (1942-45)
German mini-subs and human torpedoes
WW2 German Destroyers
1934/34A Type
1936 Type
1936A Type
1936B Type
1936C Type
1942 Type
Beute Zerstörer
Spähkreuzer (1940)
WW2 German Torpedo Boats
1923 Type
1924 Type
1935 Type
1937 Type
1939 Type
1940 Type
1941 Type
F class escorts
ww2 German minesweepers
S-Bootes (E-Boats)
LS-Bootes
R-Boote
KS-Boote
Other Light Boats
Manta (paper project, 1944)
WW2 German Amphibious Ships
German Commerce Raiders
Bremse minelayer
Brummer minelayer
Brummer(II) minelayer
Saar tender
Bauer class tenders
Tsingtau tender
Tanga tender
Lüderitz class tenders
Nachtigal class tenders
Grille minelayer
Hela tender
Hela tender
Castor minelayer
Togo AA Cd ship
⚑ Neutral Navies
Argentinian Navy
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Rivadavia class Battleships
Cruiser La Argentina
Veinticinco de Mayo class cruisers
Argentinian Destroyers
Santa Fe class sub.
Bouchard class minesweepers
King class patrol vessels
Brazilian Navy
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Minas Gerais class Battleships (1912)
Cruiser Bahia
Brazilian Destroyers
Humaita class sub.
Tupi class sub.
Chilean Navy
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Almirante Latorre class battleships
Cruiser Esmeralda (1896)
Cruiser Chacabuco (1911)
Chilean DDs
Fresia class subs
Capitan O’Brien class subs
Danish Navy
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Niels Iuel (1918)
Danish ww2 Torpedo-Boats
Danish ww2 submarines
Danish ww2 minelayer/sweepers
Finnish Navy
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Coastal BB Vainamoinen
Finnish ww2 submarines
Finnish ww2 minelayers
Hellenic Navy
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Greek ww2 Destroyers
Greek ww2 submarines
Greek ww2 minelayers
Polish Navy
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Cruiser ORP Dragon
Cruiser ORP Conrad
Brislawicka class Destroyers
Witcher ww2 Destroyers
Minelayer Gryf
Wilk class sub.
Orzel class sub.
Jakolska class minesweepers
Polish Monitors
Portuguese Navy
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Douro class DDs
Delfim class sub
Velho class gb
Albuquerque class gb
Nunes class sloops
Romanian Navy
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Romanian ww2 Destroyers
Romanian ww2 Submarines
Sjøforsvaret
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Norwegian ww2 Torpedo-Boats
Spanish Armada
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España class Battleships
Blas de Lezo class cruisers
Canarias class cruisers
Cervera class cruisers
Cruiser Navarra
Spanish Destroyers
Spanish Submarines
Dédalo Seaplane Carrier
Spanish Gunboats
Spanish Minelayers
Svenska Marinen
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Sverige class CBBs (1915)
Gustav V class CBBs (1918)
Interwar Swedish CBB projects
Tre Kronor class (1943)
Gotland (1933)
Fylgia (1905)
Ehrernskjold class DDs (1926)
Psilander class DDs (1926)
Klas Horn class DDs (1931)
Romulus class DDs (1934)
Göteborg class DDs (1935)
Mode class DDs (1942)
Visby class DDs (1942)
Öland class DDs (1945)
Swedish ww2 TBs
Swedish ww2 Submarines
Swedish ww2 Minelayers
Swedish ww2 MTBs
Swedish ww2 Patrol Vessels
Swedish ww2 Minesweepers
Turkish Navy
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Kocatepe class Destroyers
Tinaztepe class Destroyers
İnönü class submarines
Submarine Dumplumpynar
Submarine Sakarya
Submarine Gur
Submarine Batiray
Atilay class submarines
Royal Yugoslav Navy
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Cruiser Dalmacija
Dubrovnik class DDs
Beograd class DDs
Osvetnik class subs
Hrabi class subs
Gunboat Beli Orao
Royal Thai Navy
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Taksin class
Ratanakosindra class
Sri Ayuthia class
Puket class
Tachin class
Sinsamudar class sub
Minor Navies
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Albania
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✈ Naval Aviation
Latest entries
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WW1
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Cold War
USN aviation
☍ See the Page
Douglas DT (1921)
Naval Aircraft Factory PT (1922)
Loening OL (1923)
Huff-Daland TW-5 (1923)
Martin MO (1924)
Consolidated NY (1926)
Vought FU (1927)
Vought O2U/O3U Corsair (1928)
Berliner-Joyce OJ (1931)
Curtiss SOC seagull (1934)
Grumman FF (1931)
Grumman F2F (1933)
Grumman F3F (1935)
Northrop BT-1 (1935)
Grumman J2F Duck (1936)
Curtiss SBC Helldiver (1936)
Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936)
Brewster F2A Buffalo (1937)
Douglas TBD Devastator (1937)
Vought Kingfisher (1938)
Curtiss SO3C Seamew (1939)
Douglas SBD Dauntless (1939)
Grumman F4F Wildcat (1940)
Northrop N-3PB Nomad (1941)
Brewster SB2A Buccaneer (1941)
Grumman TBF/TBM Avenger (1941)
Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf (1941)
Grumman F6F Hellcat (1942)
Vought F4U Corsair (1942) ➚
F4U Corsair (NE)
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver (1942)
Curtiss SC Seahawk (1944)
Douglas BTD Destroyer (1944)
Grumman F7F Tigercat (1943)
Grumman F8F Bearcat (1944)
Ryan FR-1 Fireball (1944)
Douglas XTB2D-1 Skypirate (1945) ➚
Douglas AD-1 Skyraider (1945)
Aeromarine 40 (1919)
Naval Aircraft Factory PN (1925)
Douglas T2D (1927)
Consolidated P2Y (1929)
Hall PH (1929)
Douglas PD (1929)
Douglas Dolphin (1931)
General Aviation PJ (1933)
Consolidated PBY Catalina (1935)
Fleetwings Sea Bird (1936)
Sikorsky VS-44 (1937)
Grumman G-21 Goose (1937)
Consolidated PB2Y Coronado (1937)
Beechcraft M18 (1937)
Sikorsky JRS (1938)
Boeing 314 Clipper (1938)
Martin PBM Mariner (1939)
Grumman G-44 Wigeon (1940)
Martin Mars (1943)
Goodyear GA-2 Duck (1944)
Edo Ose (1945) ➚
Hugues Hercules (1947)
Fleet Air Arm
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Carrier planes
Fairey Flycatcher (1922)
Blackburn Backburn (1923)
Blackburn Dart (1924)
Blackburn Ripon (1926)
Fairey IIIF (1927)
Fairey Seal (1930)
Vickers Vildebeest (1933)
Blackburn Shark (1934)
Blackburn Baffin (1934)
Fairey Swordfish (1934)
Blackburn Skua (1937)
Gloster Sea Gladiator (1937)
Blackburn Roc (1938)
Fairey Albacore (1940)
Fairey Fulmar (1940)
Grumman Martlet (1941)
Hawker sea Hurricane (1941)
Brewster Bermuda (1942)
Fairey Barracuda (1943)
De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk.XVIII (1942)
Grumman Gannet (1942)
Supermarine seafire (1942)
Grumman Tarpon (1943)
Fairey Firefly (1943)
Blackburn Firebrand (1944)
Hawker Sea Fury (1944)
Supermarine Seafang (1945)
De Havilland Sea Mosquito (1945)
De Havilland Sea Hornet (1946)
Floatplanes/seaplanes
Supermarine Channel (1919)
Supermarine Sea King (1920)
Fairey Pintail (1920)
Supermarine Seagull (1922)
Fairey N.4 (1923)
Vickers Viking (1924)
Supermarine Scarab (1924)
English Electric Kingston (1924)
Blackburn Velos (1925)
Supermarine Southampton (1925)
Blackburn Iris (1926)
Saro A.17 Cutty Sark (1929)
Saro A.19 Cloud (1930)
Short Rangoon (1930)
Short Kent (1931)
Hawker Osprey (1932)
Saro London (1934)
Short S.19 Singapore (1934)
Supermarine Scapa (1935)
Supermarine Stranraer (1936)
Supermarine Walrus (1936)
Fairey Seafox (1936)
Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp (1937)
Short Sunderland (1937)
Supermarine Sea Otter (1938)
Short S.30/33 Empire (1938)
Saro A36 Lerwick (1940)
Short S35 Shetland (1944)
Short Seaford (1944)
IJN aviation
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Mitsubishi 1MF (1923)
Nakajima A1N (1930)
Nakajima A2N (1932)
Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" (1935)
Nakajima A4N (1935)
Mitsubishi A6M "zeke" (1940)
Nakajima J1N Gekko "Irving" (1941)
Mitsubishi J2M Raiden "Jack" (1942)
Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden "George" (1942)
Nakajima J5N Tenrai (1944)
Aichi S1A Denko* (1944)
Mitsubishi A7M reppu* (1944)
Mitsubishi J8M1 Shusui* (1945)
Mitsubishi J8M2 Shusui-kai* (1945)
Kyushu J7W Shinden* (1945)
Nakajima J9Y Kikka* (1945)
Mitsubishi 1MT (1922)
Mitsubishi B1M (1923)
Mitsubishi B2M (1932)
Kugisho B3Y (1932)
Aichi D1A "Susie" (1934)
Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" (1935)
Mitsubishi B5M "Mabel" (1937)
Nakajima B5N "Kate" (1937)
Aichi D3A "Val" (1940)
Nakajima B6N "Jill" (1941)
Aichi B7A "Grace" (1942)
Nakajima C6N Saiun "Myrt" (1942)
Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" (1942)
Yokosuka MXY-7 "Baka" (1944)
Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" (1935)
Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" (1941)
Kawanishi P1Y Ginga "Frances" (1943)
Kyushu Q1W Tokai "Lorna" (1943)
Tachikawa Ki-74 "Patsy" (1944)
Nakajima G8N Renzan "Rita" (1944)
Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
Nakajima C2N1 (1931)
Yokosuka K5Y1 "Willow" (1933)
Nakajima L1N1 (1937)
Kawanishi H6K2/4-L (1938)
Kyushu K10W1 "Oak" (1941)
Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku (1942)
Mitsubishi L4M1 (1942)
Nakajima G5N Shinzan "Liz" (1942)
Yokosuka L3Y "Tina" (1942)
Kyushu Q1W1-K "Lorna"(1943)
Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan (1943)
Yokosuka MXY-7K-1 "Kai" (1944)
Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945)
Hiro H1H (1926)
Yokosuka E1Y (1926)
Nakajima E2N (1927)
Aichi E3A (1929)
Yokosuka K4Y (1930)
Nakajima E4N (1931)
Nakajima E8N "Dave" (1935)
Kawanishi E7K "Alf" (1935)
Kawanishi E11K1 (1937)
Aichi E11A "Laura" (1938)
Watanabe E9W (1938)
Watanabe K8W* (1938)
Mitsubishi F1M "pete" (1941)
Nakajima E14Y "Glen" (1941)
Aichi E13A "Jake" (1941)
Aichi H9A (1942)
Nakajima A6M2-N (1942)
Kawanishi E15K Shiun (1942)
Kawanishi N1K1 "Rex" (1943)
Aichi E16A "Zuiun" (1944)
Aichi M6A1 Seiran (1945)
Kawanishi E11K* (1937)
Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" (1938)
Kawanishi K6K* (1938)
Kawanishi H6K3 (1939)
Kawanishi K8K (1940)
Kawanishi H8K "Emily" (1942)
Yokosuka H5Y "Cherry" (1936)
Mitsubishi 2MR (1923)
Yokosho K1Y (1924)
Yokosuka K2Y (1928)
Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
Hitachi LXG1 (1934)
Kyushu K10W "Oak" (1943)
Italian Aviation
☍ See the Page
CANT 6
CANT 18
CANT 25
CANT 25
CANT Z.501 Gabbiano
CANT Z.506 Airone
CANT Z.515
CANT Z.511
CANT Z.515
Caproni Ca.316
Fiat CR.20 Idro
Fiat RS.14
IMAM Ro.43
IMAM Ro.44
Macchi M18
Macchi M24
Macchi M41
Macchi M53
Macchi M71
Piaggio P6
Piaggio P8
Savoia-Marchetti S.55
Savoia-Marchetti S.57
Savoia-Marchetti S.59
Savoia-Marchetti SM.62
SIAI S.16
SIAI S.67
French Aeronavale
☍ See the Page
Levasseur PL5/9 (1924)
Wibault 74 (1926)
CAMS 37 (1926)
Gourdou-Leseurre GL.300 series (1926-39)
Levasseur PL7 (1928)
Levasseur PL10 (1929)
Latécoere 290 (1931)
Breguet 521/22/23 (1931)
Leo H257 bis (1932)
Latécoere 300 series (1932)
Morane 226 (1934)
Dewoitine 376 (1934)
Latécoere 321 (1935)
Potez 452 (1935)
Latécoere 38.1 (1936)
Loire 210 (1936)
Leo H43 (1936)
Levasseur PL107 (1937)
Loire 130 (1937)
Dewoitine HD.730 (1938)
Latecoere 298 (1938)
LN 401 (1938)
Soviet Naval Aviation
Shavrov SH-2 (1928)
Tupolev TB-1P (1931)
Tupolev MR-6 (1933)
Beriev MBR-2 (1930)
Beriev Be-2 (1936)
Beriev BE-4 (1940)
Tupolev MTB-1 (1941)
Tupolev MTB-2 (1942)
Luftwaffe (Naval)
☍ See the Page
Arado 197 (1937)
Fieseler Fi-167 (1938)
Junkers Ju-87C (1938)
Messerschmitt Me 109T (1941)
Messerschmitt 155 (1944)
Heinkel HE 1 (1921)
Caspar U1 (1922)
Dornier Do J Wal (1922)
Dornier Do 16 ‘Wal’ (1923)
Heinkel HE 2 (1923)
Junkers A 20/Ju 20 (1923)
Rohrbach Ro II (1923)
Rohrbach Ro III (1924)
Dornier Do D (1924)
Dornier Do E (1924)
Junkers G 24 (1924)
Rohrbach Ro IV (1925)
Heinkel HD 14 (1925)
Heinkel HE 25 (1925)
Heinkel HE 26 (1925)
Heinkel HE 24 (1926)
Heinkel HE 4 (1926)
Junkers W 33/34 (1926)
Heinkel HE 5 (1926)
Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe (1926)
Rohrbach Ro V Rocco (1927)
Heinkel HE 31 (1927)
Heinkel HE 8 (1927)
Arado W II (1928)
Heinkel HD 9 (1928)
Heinkel HD 16 (1928)
Heinkel He 55 (1929)
Heinkel He 56 (1929)
Arado SSD I (1930)
Junkers Ju 52w (1930)
Heinkel HE 42 (1931)
Heinkel He 50 (1931)
Heinkel He 59 (1931)
Arado Ar 66 (1932)
Heinkel He 58 (1932)
Junkers Ju 46 (1932)
Klemm Kl 35bW (1932)
Heinkel He 62 (1932)
Heinkel He 60 (1933)
Heinkel He 51w (1933)
Arado Ar 95 (1937)
Arado Ar 196 (1937)
Arado Ar 199 (1939)
Blohm & Voss Ha 139 (1936)
Blohm & Voss BV 138 (1937)
Blohm & Voss Ha 140 (1937)
Blohm & Voss BV 222 (1938)
Blohm & Voss BV 238 (1942)
Dornier Do 24/318 (1937)
Dornier Do 18 (1935)
Dornier Do 26 (1938)
Dornier Do 22 (1938)
DFS Seeadler (1936)
Focke-Wulf Fw 58W (1935)
Focke-Wulf Fw 62 (1937)
Heinkel He 114 (1936)
Heinkel He 115 (1936)
Heinkel He 119 (1936)
Dutch Naval Aviation
Fokker W.3 (1915)
Fokker T.II (1921)
Fokker B.I/III (1922)
Fokker B.II (1923)
Fokker T.III (1924)
Fokker T.IV (1927)
Fokker B.IV (1928)
Fokker C.VII W (1928)
Fokker C.VIII W (1929)
Fokker C.XI W (1934)
Fokker C.XIV-W (1937)
Fokker T.VIII-W (1939)
☢ The Cold War
☭ WARSAW PACT
Sovietskiy flot
☍ See the Page
Cold War Soviet Cruisers (1947-90)
Chapayev class (1945)
Kynda class (1961)
Kresta I class (1964)
Kresta II class (1968)
Kara class (1969)
Kirov class (1977)
Slava class (1979)
Moksva class (1965)
Kiev class (1975)
Kusnetsov class aircraft carriers (1988)
Cold War Soviet Destroyers
Skoryi class destroyers (1948)
Neustrashimyy (1951)
Kotlin class (1953)
Kildin class (1959)
Krupny class (1959)
Kashin class (1963)
Kanin class (1967)
Sovremenny class (1978)
Udaloy class (1980)
Project Anchar DDN (1988)
Soviet Frigates
Kola class (1951)
Riga class (1954)
Petya class (1960)
Mirka class (1964)
Grisha class (1968)
Krivak class (1970)
Koni class (1976)
Neustrashimyy class (1988)
Soviet Missile Corvettes
Poti class (1962)
Nanuchka class (1968)
Pauk class (1978)
Tarantul class (1981)
Dergach class (1987)
Svetlyak class (1989)
Cold War Soviet Submarines
Whiskey SSK (1948)
Zulu SSK (1952)
Quebec SSK (1950)
Romeo SSK (1957)
November SSN (1957)
Golf SSB (1957)
Hotel SSBN (1959)
Echo I SSGN (1959)
Echo II SSGN (1961)
Juliett SSG (1962)
Foxtrot SSK (1963)
Victor SSN I (1965)
Yankee SSBN (1966)
Alfa SSN (1967)
Charlie SSGN (1968)
Papa SSGN (1968)
Victor II SSN (1971)
Tango SSK (1972)
Delta I SSBN (1972)
Delta II SSBN (1975)
Victor III SSN (1977)
Delta III SSBN (1976)
Delta IV SSBN (1980)
Typhoon SSBN (1980)
Oscar SSGN (1980)
Sierra SSN (1982)
Mike SSN (1983)
Akula SSN (1984)
Kilo SSK (1986)
Soviet Naval Air Force
Kamov Ka-10 Hat
Kamov Ka-15 Hen
Kamov Ka-18 Hog
Kamov Ka-25 Hormone
Kamov Ka-27 Helix
Mil Mi-14 Haze
Mil Mi-4 Hound
Yakovlev Yak-38
Sukhoi Su-17
Sukhoi Su-24
Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle
Myasishchev M-4 Bison
Tupolev Tu-14 Bosun
Tupolev Tu-142
Ilyushin Il-38
Tupolev Tu-16
Antonov An-12
Tupolev Tu-22
Tupolev Tu-95
Tupolev Tu-22M
Tupolev Tu-16
Tupolev Tu-22
Beriev Be-6 Madge
Beriev Be-10 Mallow
Beriev Be-12
Lun class Ekranoplanes
A90 Orlan Ekranoplanes
Soviet MTBs/PBs/FACs
P2 class FACs
P4 class FACs
P6 class FACs
P8 class FACs
P10 class FACs
Komar class FACs (1960)
Project 184 FACs
OSA class FACs
Shershen class FACs
Mol class FACs
Turya class HFL
Matka class HFL
Pchela class FACs
Sarancha class HFL
Babochka class HFL
Mukha class HFL
Muravey class HFL
MO-V sub-chasers
MO-VI sub-chasers
Stenka class sub-chasers
kronstadt class PBs
SO-I class PBs
Poluchat class PBs
Zhuk clas PBs
MO-105 sub-chasers
Project 191 River Gunboats
Shmel class river GB
Yaz class river GB
Piyavka class river GB
Vosh class river GB
Saygak class river GB
Soviet Minesweepers
T43 class
T58 class
Yurka class
Gorya class
T301 class
Project 255 class
Sasha class
Vanya class
Zhenya class
Almaz class
Sonya class
TR40 class
K8 class
Yevgenya class
Olya class
Lida class
Andryusha class
Ilyusha class
Alesha class
Rybak class
Baltika class
SChS-150 class
Project 696 class
Soviet Amphibious ships
MP 2 class
MP 4 class
MP 6 class
MP 8 class
MP 10 class
Polocny class
Ropucha class
Alligator class
Ivan Rogov class
Aist class HVC
Pomornik class HVC
Gus class HVC
T-4 class LC
Ondatra class LC
Lebed class HVC
Tsaplya class HVC
Utenov class
Warsaw Pact Navies
☍ See the Detail
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
East Germany
Parchim class corvettes (1985)
Hai class sub-chasers (1958)
Volksmarine's minesweepers
Volksmarine's FAC
Volksmarine's Landing ships
ORP Warzsawa (1970)
ORP Kaszub (1986)
Polish Landing ships
Polish FACs
Polish Patrol ships
Polish Minesweepers
Missile Destroyer Muntenia (1982)
Tetal class Frigates (1981)
Romanian river patrol crafts
✦ NATO
Bundesmarine
☍ See the Page
Destroyers
Zerstorer class DDs (1958)
Hamburg class DDs (1960)
Lütjens class missile DDs (1965)
Frigates
Gneisenau class FFs (1958)
Scharnhorst class FFs (1959)
Köln class FFs (1958)
Deutschland FFG (1960)
Bremen class FFs (1979)
Brandenbug class FFs (1992)
German cold-war subs (generic)
Hai class SSK (1957)
Type 201 class SSK (1961)
Type 202 class SSK (1965)
Type 205 class SSK (1962)
Type 206 class SSK (1971)
Type 209 class SSK (1972)
Misc.
Bundesmarine amphibious ships
Thetis class corvettes
Corvette Hans Burkner
Rhein class suppert ships
Mosel class support ships
Lahn class support ships
Fast Attack Crafts
Silbermöwe class FACs
Jaguar class FACs
Hugin/Pfeil FACs
Zobel class FACs
S41 class FACs
S61 class FACs
S71 class FACs
KW class PBs
Kw 15 class PBs
Neustadt class PBs
Mine warfare vessels
Bamberg class minelayers
Sachsenwald class mine transports
Type 319 minesweepers
Lindau class minesweepers
Vegesack class minesweepers
Schutze class minesweepers
Bundesmarine R Boote
Hansa inshore Ms.
Ariadne class inshore Ms.
Frauenlob class inshore Ms.
Holnis class indhore Ms.
Hameln class indhore Ms.
Frankentahl class indhore Ms.
Danish Navy
☍ See the Page
Hvidbjornen class Frigates (1962)
Frigate Beskytteren (1976)
Peder Skram class Frigates (1965)
Thetis class frigates (1989)
Bellona class corvettes (1955)
Niels Juel class corvettes (1979)
Delfinen class submarines (1958)
Narhvalen class submarines (1970)
Bille class Torpedo Boats (1946)
Flyvefisken class Torpedo Boats (1954)
Falken class Torpedo Boats (1960)
Soloven class Torpedo Boats (1962)
Willemoes class FAC (1976)
Flyvefisken class FAC (1989)
Daphne class Patrol Boats (1960)
Danish Minelayers
Danish Minesweepers
Dutch Navy
☍ See the Page
CV Karel Doorman (1948)
De Zeven Provinciën class cruisers (1945)
Holland class DDs (1953)
Friesland class DDs (1953)
Roodfier class Frigates (1953)
Frigate Lynx (1954)
Van Speijk class Frigates (1965)
Tromp class Frigates (1973)
Kortenaer class frigates (1976)
Van H. class Frigates (1983)
K. Doorman class Frigates (1988)
Dolfijn clas sub. (1959)
Zwaardvis class subs. (1970)
Walrus class subs. (1985)
ATD Rotterdam (1990s)
Dokkum class minesweepers (1954)
Alkmaar class minesweepers (1982)
Hellenic Navy
☍ See the Page
Hydra class FFs (1990)
Greek cold war Subs
Greek Amphibious ships
Greek MTBs/FACs
Greek Patrol Vessels
Irish Navy
☍ See the Page
Eithne class PBs (1983)
Cliona class PBs
Deidre/Emer class PBs
Orla class fast PBs
Marina Militare
☍ See the Page
Aircraft Carriers
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1983)
Conte di Cavour (2004)*
Trieste (2022)*
Cruisers
Missile cruiser Garibaldi (1960)
Doria class H. cruisers (1962)
Vittorio Veneto (1969)
Destroyers
Impetuoso class (1956)
Impavido class (1957)
Audace class (1971)
De La Penne class (1989)
Orizzonte class (2007)*
Frigates
Grecale class (1949)
Canopo class (1955)
Bergamini class (1960)
Alpino class (1967)
Lupo class (1976)
Maestrale class (1981)
Bergamini class (2013)*
Thaon di Revel class (2020)*
Corvettes (OPV)
Albatros class (1954)
De Cristofaro class (1965)
Minerva class (1987)
Cassiopeia class (1989)
Esploratore class (1997)*
Sirio class (2003)*
Commandanti class (2004)*
Submarines
Toti class (1967)
Sauro class (1976)
Pelosi class (1986)
Sauro class (1992)*
Todaro class (2006)*
Attack/Amphibious ships
San Giorgio LSD (1987)
Gorgona class CTS (1987)
Italian Landing Crafts (1947-2020)
Misc. ships
Folgore PB (1952)
Lampo class PBs (1960)
Freccia class PBs (1965)
Sparviero class GMHF (1973)
Stromboli class AOR (1975)
Anteo SRS (1980)
Etna class LSS (1988)
Vulcano AOR (1998)*
Elettra EWSS (2003)*
Etna AOR (2021)*
Mine warfare ships
Lerici class (1982)
Gaeta class (1992)*
Marine Nationale
☍ See the Page
Battleships
Jean Bart (1949)
Aircraft/Helicopter carriers
Dixmude (1946)
Arromanches (1946)
Lafayette class light carriers (1954)
PA 28 class project (1947)
Clemenceau class (1957)
Jeanne d'Arc (1961)
PA 58 (1958)
PH 75/79 (1975)
Charles de Gaulle (1994)
Cruisers
De Grasse (1946)
Chateaurenault class (1950)
Colbert (1956)
Destroyers
Surcouf class (1953)
Duperre class (1956)
La Galissonniere class (1960)
Suffren class (1965)
Aconit (1970)
Tourville class (1972)
G. Leygues class (1976)
Cassard class (1985)
Frigates
Le Corse class (1952)
Le Normand class (1954)
Cdt Riviere class (1958)
Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
Lafayette class (1990)
Corvettes
Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
Floreal class (1990)
Submarines
La Creole class (1940)
Narval class (1954)
Arethuse class (1957)
Daphne class (1959)
Gymnote test SSBN (1964)
Le Redoutable SSBN (1967)
Agosta SSN (1974)
Rubis SSN (1979)
Amethyste SSN (1988)
Le Triomphant SSBN (started 1989)
Amphibian Ships
Issole (1958)
EDIC class (1958)
Trieux class (1958)
Ouragan lass (1963)
Champlain lass (1973)
Bougainville (1986)
Foudre class (1988)
CDIC lass (1989)
Misc. ships
Le Fougueux class (1958)
La Combattante class (1964)
Trident class (1976)
L'Audacieuse class (1984)
Grebe class (1989)
Sirius class (1952)
Circe class (1972)
Eridan class (1979)
Vulcain class (1986)
RCAN
☍ See the Page
HCMS Bonaventure (1957)
St Laurent class DDE (1951)
Algonquin class DDE (1952)
Restigouche class DDs (1954)
Mackenzie class DDs (1961)
Annapolis class DDH (1963)
Iroquois class DDH (1970)
River (mod) 1955
Tribal class FFs (Pjct)
City class DDH (1988)
Ojibwa class sub. (1964)
Kingston class MCFV (1995)
Royal Navy
☍ See the Page
Cold War Aircraft Carriers
Centaur class (1947)
HMS Victorious (1957)
HMS Eagle (1946)
HMS Ark Royal (1950)
HMS Hermes (1953)
CVA-01 class (1966 project)
Invincible class (1977)
Cold War Cruisers
Tiger class (1945)
Destroyers
Daring class (1949)
1953 design (project)
Cavendish class (1944)
Weapon class (1945)
Battle class (1945)
FADEP program (1946)
County class GMD (1959)
Bristol class GMD (1969)
Sheffield class GMD (1971)
Manchester class GMD (1980)
Type 43 GMD (1974)
British cold-war Frigates
Rapid class (1942)
Tenacious class (1941)
Whitby class (1954)
Blackwood class (1953)
Leopard class (1954)
Salisbury class (1953)
Tribal class (1959)
Rothesay class (1957)
Leander class (1961)
BB Leander class (1967)
HMS Mermaid (1966)
Amazon class (1971)
Broadsword class (1976)
Boxer class (1981)
Cornwall class (1985)
Duke class (1987)
British cold war Submarines
T (conv.) class (1944)
T (Stream) class (1945)
A (Mod.) class (1944)
Explorer class (1954)
Strickleback class (1954)
Porpoise class (1956)
Oberon class (1959)
HMS Dreanought SSN (1960)
Valiant class SSN (1963)
Resolution class SSBN (1966)
Swiftsure class SSN (1971)
Trafalgar class SSN (1981)
Upholder class (1986)
Vanguard class SSBN (started)
Assault ships
Fearless class (1963)
HMS Ocean (started)
Sir Lancelot LLS (1963)
Sir Galahad (1986)
Ardennes/Avon class (1976)
Brit. LCVPs (1963)
Brit. LCM(9) (1980)
Minesweepers/layers
Ton class (1952)
Ham class (1947)
Ley class (1952)
HMS Abdiel (1967)
HMS Wilton (1972)
Hunt class (1978)
Venturer class (1979)
River class (1983)
Sandown class (1988)
Misc. ships
HMS Argus ATS (1988)
Ford class SDF (1951)
Cormorant class (1985)
Kingfisger class (1974)
HMS Jura OPV (1975)
Island class OPVs (1976)
HMS Speedy PHDF (1979)
Castle class OPVs (1980)
Peacock class OPVs (1982)
MBT 538 class (1948)
Gay class FACs (1952)
Dark class FACs (1954)
Bold class FACs (1955)
Brave class FACs (1957)
Tenacity class PCs (1967)
Brave class FPCs (1969)
Spanish Armada
☍ See the Page
Dédalo aircraft carrier (1967)
Principe de Asturias (1982)
Alava class DDs (1946)
Audaz class DDs (1955)
Oquendo class DDs (1956)
Roger de Lauria class (1967)
Baleares class FFs (1971)
Descubierta class FFs (1978)
Numancia class FFs (1987)
Pizarro class gunboats (1944)
Artevida class Cvs (1952)
Serviola class Cvs (1990)
Spanish cold-war submarines
Spanish FACs
Spanish Minesweepers
Svenska Marinen
☍ See the Page
Tre Kronor class (1946)
Öland class DDs (1945)
Halland class DDs (1952) (1945)
Ostergotland class DDs (1956)
Spica III class Corvettes (1984)
Goteborg class Corvettes (1989)
U1 class subs (mod.1963)
Hajen class subs (1954)
Sjoormen class subs (1967)
Nacken class subs (1978)
Vastergotland class subs (1986)
Gotland class subs (1995)
T32 class MTBs (1951)
T42 class MTBs (1955)
Plejad class FACs (1951)
Spica I class FACs (1966)
Spica II class FACs (1972)
Hugin class FACs (1973)
Swedish Patrol Boats
Swedish minesweepers
Swedish Icebreakers
Taiwanese Navy
☍ See the Page
Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
Fuh Chow class FAC
Lung Chiang class FAC
Hai Ou class FAC(M)
MWW 50 class minehunters
Turkish Navy
☍ See the Page
Berk class FFs (1971)
Atilay class sub. (1974)
Cakabey class LST
Osman Gazi class LST
Turkish Fast Attack Crafts
Turkish Patrol Boats
USN (cold war)
☍ See the Page
Aircraft carriers
United States class (1950)
Essex SBC-27 (1950s)
Midway class (mod)
Forrestal class (1954)
Kitty Hawk class (1960)
USS Enterprise (1960)
Nimitz Class (1972)
Iowa Class (cold war)
Cruisers
Des Moines Class (1947)
Worcester Class (1948)
Boston Class (1955)
Galveston Class (1958)
Providence Class (1958)
Albany Class (1962)
USS Long Beach (1960)
Leahy Class (1961)
USS Bainbridge (1961)
Belknap Class (1963)
USS Truxtun (1964)
California Class (1971)
Virginia Class (1974)
CSGN Class (1976)
Ticonderoga Class (1981)
Destroyers
Mitscher class (1952)
Fletcher DDE (1950s)
USS Norfolk (1953)
F. Sherman class (1956)
Farragut class (1958)
Charles F. Adams class (1958)
Gearing FRAM I class (1960s)
Sumner FRAM II class (1970s)
Spruance class (1975)
Frigates
Dealey class (1953)
Claud Jones class (1958)
Bronstein class (1962)
Garcia class (1963)
Brooke class (1963)
Knox class (1966)
OH Perry class (1976)
Submarines
Guppy class Submarines (1946-59)
Barracuda class SSK (1951)
Tang class SSK (1951)
USS Darter SSK (1956)
Mackerel class SSK (1953)
USS Albacore SSK (1953)
USS X1 Midget subs (1955)
Barbel class SSK (1958)
USS Nautilus SSN (1954)
USS Seawolf SSN (1955)
Skate class SSN (1957)
Skipjack class SSN (1958)
USS Tullibee SSN (1960)
Tresher/Permit class SSN (1960)
Sturgeon class SSN (1963)
Los Angeles class SSN (1974)
Seawolf class SSN (1989)
Grayback class SSBN (1957)
USS Halibut SSBN (1959)
Gato SSG (1960s)
E. Allen class SSBN (1960)
G. Washington class SSBN (1969)
Lafayette class SSBN (1962)
Ohio class SSBN (1979)
Migraine class RP (1950s)
Sailfish class RP (1955)
USS Triton class RP (1958)
Amphibious/assault ships
Iwo Jima class HC (1960)
Tarawa class LHD (1973)
Wasp class LHD (1987)
Thomaston class LSD (1954)
Raleigh class LSD (1962)
Austin class LSD (1964)
Anchorage class LSD (1968)
Whibdey Island class LSD (1983)
Parish class LST (1952)
County class LST (1957)
Newport class LST (1968)
Tulare class APA (1953)
Charleston class APA (1967)
USS Carronade support ship (1953)
Mine warfare ships
Agile class (1952)
Ability (1956)
Avenger (1987)
USS Cardinal (1983)
Adjutant class (1953)
USS Cove (1958)
USS Bittern (1957)
Minesweeping boats/launches
Misc. ships
USS Northampton CS (1951)
Blue Ridge class CS (1969)
Wright class CS (1969)
PT812 class (1950)
Nasty class FAC (1962)
Osprey class FAC (1967)
Asheville class FACs (1966)
USN Hydrofoils (1962-81)
Vietnam Patrol Boats (1965-73)
Coastguard
Hamilton class (1965)
Reliance class (1963)
Bear class (1979)
cold war CG PBs
☯ ASIA
Chinese Navy
☍ See the Page
Chinese Destroyers
Type 7 Anshan class (1955)
Type 051 Luda class (1972)
Type 052 Luhu Class (1991)
Chinese Frigates
Type 065 Chengdu class (1956)
Type 065 Jiangnan class (1967)
Type 053K Jiangdong class (1973)
Type 053H Jianghu class (1977)
Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class (1990)
Chinese Submarines
Type 03 class (1956)
Type 033 class (1963)
Ming class (1973)
Han class SSN (1970)
Xia class SSBN (1981)
Wuhan class SSBN (1987)
Attack ships
Huchuan class THF (1966)
Hoku class FAC (1965)
Huangfeng class FAC (1966)
Hola class FAC (1966)
Houxin/Houjian class FAC (1990s)
Chinese Landing ships/crafts
Yu Ling class LST (1971)
Yukan class LST (1978)
Yudao class LST (1980)
Yunnan class LC (1968)
Chinese Patrol vessels
Huangpu class RPC (1950)
Shantou class CPC (1956)
Shanghai class LPC (1959)
Hainan class LPC (1964)
Yulin class RPC (1964)
Haikou class LPC (1968)
Haijui class LPfC (1987)
Chinese Minesweepers
Indian Navy
☍ See the Page
Vikrant class CVs (1961)
Viraat class CVs (1986)
Cruiser Delhi (1948)
Cruiser Mysore (1957)
Raja class DDs (1949)
Rajput class DDs (1980)
Delhi class DDs (1990)
Khukri class FFs (1956)
Talwar class FFs (1958)
Brahmaputra class FFs (1957)
Nilgiri class FFs (1968)
Godavari class FFs (1980)
Kusura class subs (1970)
Shishumar class subs (1984)
Sindhugosh class subs (1986)
Indian Amphibious ships
Indian corvettes (1969-90)
Khukri class corvettes (1989)
SDB Mk.2 class PBs (1977)
Vikram class OPVs (1979)
Sukanya class OPVs (1989)
Indonesian Navy
☍ See the Page
Fatahilla class Frigates (1977)
Pattimura class corvettes (1956)
Indonesian Marines
Indonesian Mine Vessels
Indonesian FAC/OPVs
JMSDF
☍ See the Page
JMSDF Destroyers
Harukaze class DD (1955)
Ayanami class DD (1957)
Murasame class DD (1958)
Akizuki class DD (1959)
Amatukaze missile DD (1963)
Yamagumo class DDE (1965)
Takatsuki class DD (1966)
Minegumo class DDE (1967)
Haruna class DDH (1971)
Tachikaze class DD (1974)
Shirane class DDH (1978)
Hatsuyuki class DDs (1980)
Hatakaze class DDs (1984)
Asigiri class DDs (1986)
Kongo class DDs (started 1990)
JMSDF Frigates
Akebono class FFs (1955)
Isuzu class FFs (1961)
Chikugo class FFs (1970)
Ishikari class FFs (1980)
Yubari class FFs (1982)
Abukuma class FFs (1988)
JMSDF submarines
Oyashio class Sub. (1959)
Hayashio class Sub. (1961)
Natsushio class Sub. (1963)
Oshio class Sub. (1964)
Uzushio class Sub. (1970)
Yushio class Sub. (1979)
Harushio class Sub. (1989)
JMSDF Misc. ships
Japanese Landing Ships
Japanese Large Patrol Ships
Japanese Patrol Crafts
Japanese Minesweepers
Japanese Sub-chasers
North Korean Navy
☍ See the Page
Najin class Frigates
Experimental Frigate Soho
Sariwan class Corvettes
Sinpo class subs.
Sang-O class subs.
Yono class subs.
Yugo class subs.
Hungnam class LCM
Hante class LST
Songjong class HVC
Sin Hung/Ku Song FACs
Anju class FACs
Iwon class FACs
Chaho class FACs
Hong Jin class FAC-G
Sohung class MTBs
Sinpo class MTBs
Nampo class FALC
Philippines Navy
☍ See the Page
Datu Kalantian class Frigates (1976)
Bacolod City class LS(L)
Philippino Patrol Crafts
ROKN
☍ See the Page
Ulsan class frigates (1980)
Pohang class corvettes (1984)
Dong Hae class corvettes (1982)
Han Kang class patrol corvettes (1985)
Chamsuri (PKM 268) PBs (1978)
ROKS coast guard vessels
Paek Ku class FAC (1975)
Kang Keong class minehunters (1986)
Taiwanese Navy
☍ See the Page
Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
Fuh Chow class FAC
Lung Chiang class FAC
Hai Ou class FAC(M)
MWW 50 class minehunters
☪ MIDDLE EAST
IDF Navy
☍ See the Page
Eilat class Corvettes (1993)
SAAR 5 Project
SAAR 1 FAC
SAAR 4 FAC
SAAR 4.5 FAC
Dvora class FAC
Shimrit class MHFs
IDF FACs/PBs
Etzion Geber LST
Ash class LCT
Iranian Navy
☍ See the Page
Destroyer Artemiz (1965)
Bayandor class FFs (1963)
Alvand class FFs (1969)
Khalije Fars class DDs (2016)*
♅ OCEANIA
RAN
☍ See the Page
HMAS Sydney (1948*)
HMAS Melbourne (1955*)
Tobruk class DDs (1947)
Voyager class DDs (1952)
Perth class MDD (1963)
Quadrant class FFs (1953)
Yarra class FFs (1958)
Swan class FFs (1967)
Adelaide class MFFs (1978)
Anzac class MFFs (1990s)
Oxley class subs (1965)
Collins class subs (1990s)
Australian Amphibious ships
Fremantle class PBs
Royal New Zealand Navy
☍ See the Page
HMNZS Royalist (1956)
Pukaki class patrol Crafts (1974)
Moa class patrol crafts (1983)
HMNZS Aotearoa (2019)*
☩ South America
Argentina
☍ See the Page
ARA Independencia (1958)
ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1968)
Belgrano class cruisers (1951)
Almirante Brown class Frigates (1981)
Mantilla class corvettes (1981)
Espora class corvettes (1982)
Salta class submarines (1972)
Santa Cruz class submarines (1982)
Brazilian Navy
☍ See the Page
Minas Gerais aircraft carrier (1956)
Cruiser Barroso (1951)
Cruiser Tamandare (1951)
Acre class destroyers (1945)
Niteroi class Frigates (1974)
Ihnauma class Frigate (1986)
Tupi class submarines (1987)
Brazilian patrol ships
Chilean Navy
☍ See the Page
O'Higgins class cruisers
Lattore Cruiser (1971)
Almirante class destroyers (1960)
Prat class M. Destroyers (1982)
Almirante Lynch class Frigates (1972)
Thomson class subs (1982)
Small surface combatants
Peruvian Navy
☍ See the Page
Almirante Grau(ii) class
Almirante Grau(iii) class
Abtao class sub.
PR-72P class corvettes
Velarde class OPVs
℣ AFRICA
Egyptian Navy
☍ See the Page
October class FAC/M (1975)
Ramadan class FAC/M (1979)
South African Navy
☍ See the Page
Wager class destroyers (1950)
President class Frigates (1960)
Maria Van Riebeeck class subs (1969)
Astrant class subs (1977)
Minister class FAC(M) (1977)
SANDF Minesweepers
☫ Minor cold war/modern Navies
✚ MORE
⚔ Cold War Naval Events
⚔ Indochina War naval ops
⚔ Korean War naval ops
⚔ 1956 intervention in Suez
⚔ 1960 Cuban crisis
⚔ 1960 US/Soviet compared strenghts
⚔ 1963-69 Algerian war naval ops
⚔ Naval warfare in Vietnam
⚔ Middle East naval fights
⚔ 1980 Falkland wars
⚔ 1990 Gulf War
⚔ Modern Navies
⚔ Modern PLAN
✈ Cold War Naval Aviation
See the full section
Seaplanes
Grumman Mallard 1946
Edo OSE-1 1946
Short Solent 1946
de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver 1947
Grumman Albatross 1947
Hughes H-4 Hercules (completed & first flight, prototype)
Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1947 (jet fighter seaplane prototype)
Short Sealand 1947
Martin P5M Marlin 1948
Supermarine Seagull ASR-1 1948 (prototype successor to the Walrus)
Nord 1400 Noroit 1949
Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (interesting Norwegian prototype)
SNCASE SE-1210 French prototype flying boat 1949
Convair R3Y Tradewind USN patrol flying boat 1950
Goodyear Drake (proto seaboat) 1950
de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter 1951 (RCAN)
Saunders-Roe Princess 1952 (RN requisition possible)
Convair F2Y Sea Dart Prototype delta jet fighter seaplane 1953
Martin P6M SeaMaster strategic bomber flying boat 1955
Ikarus Kurir H 1957
Shin Meiwa UF-XS prototype 1962
Shin Meiwa PS-1 patrol flying boat 1967
Canadair CL-215 1967 water bomber, some operated by the RCAN
GAF Nomad patrol australian land/floatplane 1971
Harbin SH-5 Main PLAN patrol flying boat 1976
Cessna 208 Caravan transport flotplane (some navies) 1982
Dornier Seastar prototype 1984
Patrol Planes
ATR 42 MP Surveyor (Italy, 1984)
ATR 72 MP (Italy 1988)
ATR 72 ASW (France, 1988)
Breguet Atlantic (France 1965)
Nord 1402 Noroit (France 1949)
Avro Shackleton (UK 1949)
BAE Nimrod MRA4 (UK 2004)
Britten-Norman Defender/Islander (UK 1970)
Fairey Gannet (UK 1949)
Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod (UK 1967)
Beechcraft King Air (USA 1963)
Basler BT-67 (USA 1990)
Boeing 737 Surveiller (USA 1967)
Boeing P-8 Poseidon (USA 2009)
Lockheed P-2 Neptune (USA, 1945)
Lockheed P-3 Orion (USA 1959)
Martin P4M Mercator (USA 1946)
Convair P5Y (USA 1950)
Douglas/BSAS Turbo Dakota (USA 1991)
Bombardier DHC-8 MPA/MSA (Can 2007)
Canadair CP-107 Argus (Can 1957)
CASA C-212 MPA (Spain 1971)
CASA/IPTN CN-235 MPA/HC-144 Ocean Sentry (Spain 1983)
CASA C-295 MPA (Spain 1997)
Diamond DA42 Guardian (Austria 2002)
Dornier 228 (Germany 1981)
Embraer EMB 111 Bandeirante (Brazil 1968)
Embraer R-99 (Brazil 2001)
Embraer P-99 (Brazil 2003)
Fokker F27 200-MAR (NL 1955)
Fokker F27 Maritime Enforcer (NL 1955)
IAI 1124N Sea Scan (Israel 1977)
Kawasaki P-1 (Japan 2007)
Kawasaki P-2J (Japan 1966)
Saab Swordfish (Sweden 2016)
Shaanxi Y-8F,Q,X (China 1984)
Short Seavan (UK 1976)
Beriev Be-8 1947
Beriev Be-6 1949
Beriev R-1 turbojet prototype seaplane 1952
Beriev Be-10 1956
Beriev Be-12 Chaika 1960
Beriev Be-40/A-40 Albatross prototypes 1986
Chetverikov TA-1 1947
Ilyushin Il-38 'May' (USSR 1967)
Myasishchev 3M/3MD (USSR 1956)
Tupolev Tu-16T/PL/R/RM/SP (USSR 1952)
Tupolev Tu-95MR (USSR 1961)
Tupolev Tu-142 (USSR 1968)
Carrier Planes
USN
Douglas A-3 Skywarrior
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
Douglas A2D Skyshark
Douglas AD Skyraider
Douglas F3D Skynight
Douglas F4D Skyray
Grumman A-6 Intruder
Grumman AF Guardian
Grumman C-1 Trader
Grumman C-2 Greyhound
Grumman E-1 Tracer
Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
Grumman EA-6B Prowler
Grumman F-9 Cougar
Grumman F9F Panther
Grumman F-11 Tiger
Grumman F-14 Tomcat ➚
Grumman S-2 Tracker
Lockheed Martin F-35B
Lockheed S-3 Viking ➚
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk
McDonnell FH Phantom
McDonnell F2H Banshee
McDonnell F3H Demon
McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
North American A-5 Vigilante
North American AJ Savage
North American FJ Fury
North American T-2 Buckeye
North American T-28 Trojan
Vought A-7 Corsair
Vought F-8 Crusader
Vought F6U Pirate
Vought F7U Cutlass
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
Boeing EA-18G Growler
RN
Blackburn Buccaneer
Boulton Paul Sea Balliol
BAe Sea Harrier
de Havilland Sea Vampire
de Havilland Sea Venom
de Havilland Sea Vixen
Fairey Gannet
Hawker Sea Hawk
Short Seamew
Westland Wyvern
Marine Nationale
Breguet Alizé
Dassault Étendard IV
Dassault Super Étendard
Dassault Rafale M
Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr M
SNCASE Aquilon
Soviet Navy
Sukhoi Su-25UTG/UBP
Sukhoi Su-33
Yakovlev Yak-38
Navy Helicopters
Chinese PLAN:
Harbin Z-5 (1958)
Harbin Z-9 Haitun (1981)
Changhe Z-8 (1985)
Harbin Z-20 (in development)
Italy:
Agusta Bell AB-205 (1961)
Agusta Bell AB-212 (1971)
Agusta AS-61 (1968)
India:
Hal Dhruv (Indian Navy)
France:
Alouette II (1955)
Alouette III (1959)
Super Frelon (1965)
Cougar ()
Panther ()
Super Cougar H225M ()
Fennec ()
MH-65 Dolphin ()
UH-72 Lakota ()
Germany:
MBB Bo 105 (1967)
NHIndustries NH90
Japan:
Mitsubishi H-60 (1987)
Poland:
PZL W-3 Sokół (1979)
Romania:
IAR 330M (1975)
United Kingdom:
Westland Lynx (1971)
Westland Scout (1960) RAN
Westland Sea King (1969)
Westland Wasp (1962)
Westland Wessex (1958)
Westland Whirlwind (1953)
Westland WS-51 Dragonfly (1948)
USA:
Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH
Hiller ROE Rotorcycle (1956)
Piasecki HRP Rescuer (1945)
Bell UH-1N Twin Huey (1969)
SH-2 Seasprite (1959)
SH-2G Super Seasprite (1982)
CH-53 Sea Stallion (1966)
SH-60 Seahawk (1979)
Sikorsky S-61R (1959)
MH-53E Sea Dragon (1974)
ussr:
Kamov Ka 20 (1958)
Ka-25 "Hormone" (1960)
Ka-27 "Helix" (1973)
Ka-31 (1987)
Ka-35 (2015)
Ka-40 (1990)
Mil-Mi 2 (1949)
Mil Mi-4 (1952)
Civilian
♆ WW1 US Shipping Board
☍ Emergency Fleet Corporation
☍
☍
Hog islander program
Design 1022 ships
Design 1023 ships
Design 1024 ships
Design 1001
♆ WW2 US Maritime Commission
>Liberty ships
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Type C3
>Type C4
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Tankers T2
>Tankers T3
Specialized Types
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